{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2765206040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3133956.3134104","title":"Ligero","display_name":"Ligero","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2765206040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3133956.3134104","mag":"2765206040"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3133956.3134104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3133956.3134104","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/3497824","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025889610","display_name":"Scott Ames","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5388228","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Scott Ames","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003565582","display_name":"Carmit Hazay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8951-5099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13955877","display_name":"Bar-Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kgsv495","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carmit Hazay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081852077","display_name":"Yuval Ishai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4096-6305"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}],"countries":["IL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuval Ishai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technion and University of California, Los Angeles, Haifa, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technion and University of California, Los Angeles, Haifa, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211","https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087774653","display_name":"Muthuramakrishnan Venkitasubramaniam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9765-7911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5388228","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muthuramakrishnan Venkitasubramaniam","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025889610"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.5503,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":278,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99095415,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2087","last_page":"2104"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-oracle","display_name":"Random oracle","score":0.765623152256012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7603697776794434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.6655861139297485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5753540992736816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5288796424865723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5205950736999512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero-knowledge-proof","display_name":"Zero-knowledge proof","score":0.5177332758903503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.5160543322563171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oracle","display_name":"Oracle","score":0.5140665769577026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.48299872875213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/square-root","display_name":"Square root","score":0.45854783058166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.4394304156303406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3427846431732178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.29614192247390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2926338315010071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.2419079840183258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.21773895621299744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1928730010986328}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94284585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228184","display_name":"Random oracle","level":4,"score":0.765623152256012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7603697776794434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.6655861139297485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5753540992736816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5288796424865723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5205950736999512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176329583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191943","display_name":"Zero-knowledge proof","level":3,"score":0.5177332758903503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.5160543322563171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.5140665769577026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.48299872875213623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11577676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134237","display_name":"Square root","level":2,"score":0.45854783058166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4394304156303406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3427846431732178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.29614192247390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2926338315010071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.2419079840183258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.21773895621299744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1928730010986328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3133956.3134104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3133956.3134104","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:3497824","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/3497824","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:3497824","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://zenodo.org/record/3497824","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1378997351","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"742754, 615172","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","funder_display_name":"European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1766433826","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1618884, CNS-1526377, 1413955, 1619348, 1228984, 1136174, 1065276","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3061516026","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015782","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308960","funder_display_name":"United States - Israel Binational Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G699278647","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N66001-15-C-4065","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337531","funder_display_name":"Defense Sciences Office, DARPA"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308960","display_name":"United States - Israel Binational Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/00j8z2m73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309327","display_name":"Google","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","display_name":"European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337531","display_name":"Defense Sciences Office, DARPA","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4180724","https://openalex.org/W15244400","https://openalex.org/W22402230","https://openalex.org/W81245908","https://openalex.org/W134131117","https://openalex.org/W1521848494","https://openalex.org/W1538440442","https://openalex.org/W1541538376","https://openalex.org/W1542382722","https://openalex.org/W1560201081","https://openalex.org/W1566345534","https://openalex.org/W1574373886","https://openalex.org/W1574535057","https://openalex.org/W1589034595","https://openalex.org/W1890128745","https://openalex.org/W1976646754","https://openalex.org/W1980227445","https://openalex.org/W2016443801","https://openalex.org/W2019578639","https://openalex.org/W2029859729","https://openalex.org/W2041068798","https://openalex.org/W2043007983","https://openalex.org/W2049982182","https://openalex.org/W2053086236","https://openalex.org/W2067596507","https://openalex.org/W2069535412","https://openalex.org/W2071520502","https://openalex.org/W2077901621","https://openalex.org/W2082647621","https://openalex.org/W2098843110","https://openalex.org/W2113244484","https://openalex.org/W2127212631","https://openalex.org/W2136570131","https://openalex.org/W2144238522","https://openalex.org/W2144752539","https://openalex.org/W2148352980","https://openalex.org/W2169657197","https://openalex.org/W2192481898","https://openalex.org/W2293021588","https://openalex.org/W2402869180","https://openalex.org/W2415973476","https://openalex.org/W2416431186","https://openalex.org/W2495842381","https://openalex.org/W2536319456","https://openalex.org/W2579035965","https://openalex.org/W2613376966","https://openalex.org/W2614074621","https://openalex.org/W2676157184","https://openalex.org/W2794982701","https://openalex.org/W2914525031","https://openalex.org/W2964279767","https://openalex.org/W3028607946","https://openalex.org/W3029599702","https://openalex.org/W3205680033"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1870614684","https://openalex.org/W194387157","https://openalex.org/W2000850689","https://openalex.org/W59628553","https://openalex.org/W2977508505","https://openalex.org/W3198275368","https://openalex.org/W2370770334","https://openalex.org/W2952644635","https://openalex.org/W2161264062","https://openalex.org/W2494893791"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"design":[1],"and":[2],"implement":[3],"a":[4,53],"simple":[5],"zero-knowledge":[6],"argument":[7],"protocol":[8,25],"for":[9],"NP":[10],"whose":[11],"communication":[12],"complexity":[13],"is":[14],"proportional":[15],"to":[16],"the":[17,20,41],"square-root":[18],"of":[19],"verification":[21],"circuit":[22],"size.":[23],"The":[24],"can":[26,36],"be":[27,37],"based":[28],"on":[29],"any":[30],"collision-resistant":[31],"hash":[32],"function.":[33],"Alternatively,":[34],"it":[35],"made":[38],"non-interactive":[39],"in":[40],"random":[42],"oracle":[43],"model,":[44],"yielding":[45],"concretely":[46],"efficient":[47],"zk-SNARKs":[48],"that":[49],"do":[50],"not":[51],"require":[52],"trusted":[54],"setup":[55],"or":[56],"public-key":[57],"cryptography.":[58]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2017-11-10T00:00:00"}
