{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2766980353","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3133956.3133958","title":"Certified Malware","display_name":"Certified Malware","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2766980353","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3133956.3133958","mag":"2766980353"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3133956.3133958","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3133956.3133958","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025936242","display_name":"Doowon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9033-990X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Doowon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065564570","display_name":"Bum Jun Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1801-1958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bum Jun Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033409139","display_name":"Tudor Dumitra\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4350-7226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tudor Dumitra\u015f","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025936242"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9848,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92419805,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1435","last_page":"1448"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.8643046617507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.8110230565071106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7195318341255188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptovirology","display_name":"Cryptovirology","score":0.6019836664199829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-infrastructure","display_name":"Public key infrastructure","score":0.5945832133293152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5681324601173401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.20107975602149963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.16916406154632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11754819750785828}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.8643046617507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.8110230565071106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7195318341255188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3506050","display_name":"Cryptovirology","level":3,"score":0.6019836664199829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72648740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658476","display_name":"Public key infrastructure","level":4,"score":0.5945832133293152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5681324601173401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.20107975602149963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.16916406154632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11754819750785828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3133956.3133958","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3133956.3133958","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6874520716","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1564143","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969414390","https://openalex.org/W2001637908","https://openalex.org/W2008251338","https://openalex.org/W2010631330","https://openalex.org/W2019016802","https://openalex.org/W2055072018","https://openalex.org/W2056494114","https://openalex.org/W2077667328","https://openalex.org/W2104899073","https://openalex.org/W2112736324","https://openalex.org/W2114398364","https://openalex.org/W2130867912","https://openalex.org/W2146244799","https://openalex.org/W2148156428","https://openalex.org/W2151269705","https://openalex.org/W2161954933","https://openalex.org/W2186028149","https://openalex.org/W2187211701","https://openalex.org/W2339535537","https://openalex.org/W2476865836","https://openalex.org/W2514847810","https://openalex.org/W2538863639","https://openalex.org/W2564471085","https://openalex.org/W2945926248","https://openalex.org/W3100921450","https://openalex.org/W4233819588"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4256304280","https://openalex.org/W4249009605","https://openalex.org/W2900526031","https://openalex.org/W2395100307","https://openalex.org/W2909615516","https://openalex.org/W3183826413","https://openalex.org/W4243179955","https://openalex.org/W3205001643","https://openalex.org/W2557742076","https://openalex.org/W2968504645"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digitally":[0],"signed":[1,27],"malware":[2,50,152],"can":[3,18],"bypass":[4],"system":[5],"protection":[6],"mechanisms":[7],"that":[8,74,102,125,158],"install":[9],"or":[10,153],"launch":[11],"only":[12],"programs":[13],"with":[14,144],"valid":[15],"signatures.":[16],"It":[17],"also":[19,107],"evade":[20],"anti-virus":[21],"programs,":[22],"which":[23],"often":[24],"forego":[25],"scanning":[26],"binaries.":[28],"Known":[29],"from":[30],"advanced":[31],"threats":[32,124,137],"such":[33],"as":[34],"Stuxnet":[35],"and":[36,58,147,179],"Flame,":[37],"this":[38],"type":[39],"of":[40,61,78,98,116,176,187],"abuse":[41,64],"has":[42],"not":[43,66,160,166],"been":[44],"measured":[45],"systematically":[46],"in":[47,80,130],"the":[48,54,81,96,127,131,140,173,185,188],"broader":[49],"landscape.":[51],"In":[52],"particular,":[53],"methods,":[55],"effectiveness":[56],"window,":[57],"security":[59,186],"implications":[60,175],"code-signing":[62,82,89,168,189],"PKI":[63],"are":[65,103],"well":[67],"understood.":[68],"We":[69,84,106],"propose":[70,180],"a":[71],"threat":[72],"model":[73],"highlights":[75],"three":[76],"types":[77,115],"weaknesses":[79],"PKI.":[83,135],"overcome":[85],"challenges":[86],"specific":[87],"to":[88,122,150],"measurements":[90],"by":[91,154],"introducing":[92],"techniques":[93,119],"for":[94,111,183],"prioritizing":[95],"collection":[97],"code":[99,133],"signing":[100,134],"certificates":[101,146],"likely":[104],"abusive.":[105],"introduce":[108],"an":[109],"algorithm":[110],"distinguishing":[112],"among":[113],"different":[114],"threats.":[117],"These":[118],"allow":[120],"us":[121],"study":[123],"breach":[126],"trust":[128],"encoded":[129],"Windows":[132],"The":[136],"include":[138],"stealing":[139],"private":[141],"keys":[142],"associated":[143],"benign":[145],"using":[148],"them":[149],"sign":[151],"impersonating":[155],"legitimate":[156],"companies":[157],"do":[159,165],"develop":[161],"software":[162],"and,":[163],"hence,":[164],"own":[167],"certificates.":[169],"Finally,":[170],"we":[171],"discuss":[172],"actionable":[174],"our":[177],"findings":[178],"concrete":[181],"steps":[182],"improving":[184],"ecosystem.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-06T07:47:59.780226","created_date":"2017-11-10T00:00:00"}
