{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2760873538","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3132272.3134132","title":"Programmable Liquid Matter","display_name":"Programmable Liquid Matter","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2760873538","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3132272.3134132","mag":"2760873538"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3132272.3134132","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3132272.3134132","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Conference on Interactive Surfaces and Spaces","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022944543","display_name":"Yutaka Tokuda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3600-8648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yutaka Tokuda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interact Lab, University of Sussex, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interact Lab, University of Sussex, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002285270","display_name":"Jose Luis Berna Moya","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Luis Berna Moya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interact Lab, University of Sussex, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interact Lab, University of Sussex, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039118607","display_name":"Gianluca Memoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2578-2814"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gianluca Memoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interact Lab, University of Sussex, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interact Lab, University of Sussex, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056341554","display_name":"Timothy Neate","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1387-8168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","display_name":"Swansea University","ror":"https://ror.org/053fq8t95","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy Neate","raw_affiliation_strings":["FIT Lab, Swansea University, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FIT Lab, Swansea University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087288185","display_name":"Deepak Ranjan Sahoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4421-7549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","display_name":"Swansea University","ror":"https://ror.org/053fq8t95","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepak Ranjan Sahoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["FIT Lab, Swansea University, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FIT Lab, Swansea University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035871903","display_name":"Simon Robinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9228-006X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","display_name":"Swansea University","ror":"https://ror.org/053fq8t95","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Robinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["FIT Lab, Swansea University, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FIT Lab, Swansea University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040352979","display_name":"Jennifer Pearson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1960-1012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","display_name":"Swansea University","ror":"https://ror.org/053fq8t95","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Pearson","raw_affiliation_strings":["FIT Lab, Swansea University, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FIT Lab, Swansea University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101746140","display_name":"Matt Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7657-7373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","display_name":"Swansea University","ror":"https://ror.org/053fq8t95","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matt Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["FIT Lab, Swansea University, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FIT Lab, Swansea University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032188569","display_name":"Sriram Subramanian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5266-8366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sriram Subramanian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interact Lab, University of Sussex, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interact Lab, University of Sussex, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022944543"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5986,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84793793,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"142","last_page":"150"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12452","display_name":"Electrowetting and Microfluidic Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12452","display_name":"Electrowetting and Microfluidic Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-metal","display_name":"Liquid metal","score":0.7621244192123413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.613437831401825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5573251247406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrode","display_name":"Electrode","score":0.5394871830940247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-tension","display_name":"Surface tension","score":0.5101661682128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.487073689699173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eutectic-system","display_name":"Eutectic system","score":0.484282910823822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.4837782084941864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indium","display_name":"Indium","score":0.4399125277996063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microfluidics","display_name":"Microfluidics","score":0.43335890769958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.4147571921348572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.3993590772151947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.37957534193992615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.35574871301651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3115612864494324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1970164179801941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alloy","display_name":"Alloy","score":0.19053933024406433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1794148087501526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11506828665733337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.09534630179405212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.09245160222053528}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778492893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6557453","display_name":"Liquid metal","level":2,"score":0.7621244192123413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.613437831401825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5573251247406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.5394871830940247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8892853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170749","display_name":"Surface tension","level":2,"score":0.5101661682128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.487073689699173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18168003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628595","display_name":"Eutectic system","level":3,"score":0.484282910823822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.4837782084941864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C543292547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1094","display_name":"Indium","level":2,"score":0.4399125277996063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8673954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138845","display_name":"Microfluidics","level":2,"score":0.43335890769958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.4147571921348572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3993590772151947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.37957534193992615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.35574871301651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3115612864494324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1970164179801941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780026712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37756","display_name":"Alloy","level":2,"score":0.19053933024406433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1794148087501526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11506828665733337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.09534630179405212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.09245160222053528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3132272.3134132","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3132272.3134132","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Conference on Interactive Surfaces and Spaces","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cronfa.swan.ac.uk:cronfa36040","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa36040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401612","display_name":"Cronfa (Swansea University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","host_organization_name":"Swansea University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Paper/Proceeding/Abstract"},{"id":"pmh:oai:sro.sussex.ac.uk:71572","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/71572/1/Programmable_Liquid_Matter__ISS_2017_%20camera_ready.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400129","display_name":"Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","host_organization_name":"University of Sussex","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Proceedings"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2050499902","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/M00421X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3535078873","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N013948/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8127236249","display_name":"Breaking the Glass: Multimodal, Malleable Interactive Mobile surfaces for Hands-In Interactions","funder_award_id":"EP/N013948/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508578805","https://openalex.org/W1600149912","https://openalex.org/W1980587781","https://openalex.org/W1981788159","https://openalex.org/W1986242638","https://openalex.org/W1998804669","https://openalex.org/W2009387895","https://openalex.org/W2010872619","https://openalex.org/W2013933396","https://openalex.org/W2014137027","https://openalex.org/W2018413353","https://openalex.org/W2041147241","https://openalex.org/W2046348858","https://openalex.org/W2063561142","https://openalex.org/W2081298908","https://openalex.org/W2082727067","https://openalex.org/W2083703026","https://openalex.org/W2094265723","https://openalex.org/W2097214940","https://openalex.org/W2112374856","https://openalex.org/W2120411499","https://openalex.org/W2127317334","https://openalex.org/W2143131345","https://openalex.org/W2145999635","https://openalex.org/W2150695584","https://openalex.org/W2152737814","https://openalex.org/W2167746686","https://openalex.org/W2226638727","https://openalex.org/W2253404081","https://openalex.org/W2294512632","https://openalex.org/W2294959121","https://openalex.org/W2305918401","https://openalex.org/W2403260819","https://openalex.org/W2413932766","https://openalex.org/W2495118326","https://openalex.org/W2512226341","https://openalex.org/W2516987390","https://openalex.org/W2520883028","https://openalex.org/W2526011581","https://openalex.org/W2532071859","https://openalex.org/W2548568092","https://openalex.org/W2557532107","https://openalex.org/W2586468685","https://openalex.org/W2778205983"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2046959048","https://openalex.org/W2347920837","https://openalex.org/W2005590182","https://openalex.org/W2061892882","https://openalex.org/W2053782118","https://openalex.org/W2036188144","https://openalex.org/W3171945264","https://openalex.org/W3094277601","https://openalex.org/W4282971145","https://openalex.org/W2521405508"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,26],"this":[1,139],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,28,68,92,132],"demonstrate":[4],"a":[5,30,40,53,79,94],"method":[6],"for":[7],"the":[8,57,75,86,111,119,135,146,149],"dynamic":[9],"2D":[10],"transformation":[11],"of":[12,32,60,85,89,103,114,121,138,148,152],"liquid":[13,33,76,90,116],"matter":[14],"and":[15,52,110,128,141],"present":[16],"unique":[17,104],"organic":[18],"animations":[19],"based":[20],"on":[21,64,134],"spatio-temporally":[22],"controlled":[23],"electric":[24,66],"fields.":[25],"particular,":[27],"deploy":[29],"droplet":[31],"metal":[34,77],"(Gallium":[35],"indium":[36],"eutectic":[37],"alloy)":[38],"in":[39,118,145],"7x7":[41],"electrode":[42],"array":[43],"prototype":[44],"system,":[45],"featuring":[46],"an":[47,101],"integrated":[48],"image":[49],"tracking":[50],"system":[51,108],"simple":[54],"GUI.":[55],"Exploiting":[56],"strong":[58],"dependance":[59],"EGaIn's":[61],"surface":[62],"tension":[63],"external":[65],"voltages,":[67],"control":[69],"multiple":[70],"electrodes":[71],"dynamically":[72],"to":[73],"manipulate":[74],"into":[78],"fine-grained":[80],"desired":[81],"shape.":[82],"Taking":[83],"advantage":[84],"high":[87],"conductivity":[88],"metals,":[91],"introduce":[93],"shape":[95],"changing,":[96],"reconfigurable":[97],"smart":[98],"circuit":[99],"as":[100,124],"example":[102],"applications.":[105],"We":[106],"discuss":[107,142],"constraints":[109],"overarching":[112],"challenge":[113],"controlling":[115],"metals":[117],"presence":[120],"phenomena":[122],"such":[123],"splitting,":[125],"self-electrode":[126],"interference":[127],"finger":[129],"instabilities.":[130],"Finally,":[131],"reflect":[133],"broader":[136],"vision":[137],"project":[140],"our":[143],"work":[144],"context":[147],"wider":[150],"scope":[151],"programmable":[153],"materials.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T08:58:05.943551","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}