{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2770049689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3131365.3131406","title":"On the structure and characteristics of user agent string","display_name":"On the structure and characteristics of user agent string","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2770049689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3131365.3131406","mag":"2770049689"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3131365.3131406","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3131365.3131406","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2017 Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050047361","display_name":"Kline Jeff","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jeff Kline","raw_affiliation_strings":["comScore, Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"comScore, Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043427561","display_name":"Paul Barford","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7874-1819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Barford","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin-Madison"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000642459","display_name":"Aaron Cahn","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaron Cahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["comScore, Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"comScore, Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077852213","display_name":"Joel Sommers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4872-6532"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39660569","display_name":"Colgate University","ror":"https://ror.org/05d23ve83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39660569"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel Sommers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colgate University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colgate University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39660569"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050047361"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9345,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89978787,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"184","last_page":"190"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7439777255058289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/string","display_name":"String (physics)","score":0.7122157216072083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.6370973587036133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5604544878005981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.47009536623954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.4307297468185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4132842719554901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3370349407196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3363964259624481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.32315418124198914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23349550366401672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12745308876037598}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7439777255058289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157486923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376436","display_name":"String (physics)","level":2,"score":0.7122157216072083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.6370973587036133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5604544878005981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.47009536623954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4307297468185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4132842719554901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3370349407196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3363964259624481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.32315418124198914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23349550366401672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12745308876037598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3131365.3131406","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3131365.3131406","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2017 Internet Measurement Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W12316596","https://openalex.org/W57737232","https://openalex.org/W171785150","https://openalex.org/W173248066","https://openalex.org/W625975574","https://openalex.org/W1451156941","https://openalex.org/W1525967479","https://openalex.org/W1600015177","https://openalex.org/W1835342030","https://openalex.org/W2027990032","https://openalex.org/W2049639527","https://openalex.org/W2092756033","https://openalex.org/W2109966155","https://openalex.org/W2116368564","https://openalex.org/W2152648895","https://openalex.org/W2296488620","https://openalex.org/W2339675877","https://openalex.org/W2538749711","https://openalex.org/W2540219012"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2065457896","https://openalex.org/W3173234801","https://openalex.org/W2167984027","https://openalex.org/W3021302227","https://openalex.org/W10630519","https://openalex.org/W1919377569","https://openalex.org/W3144288563","https://openalex.org/W3123907821","https://openalex.org/W2382319620","https://openalex.org/W2164026370"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"User":[0,122],"agent":[1,172],"(UA)":[2],"strings":[3,32,86,111,133,195],"transmitted":[4],"during":[5],"HTTP":[6],"transactions":[7],"convey":[8],"client":[9,42],"system":[10,58],"configuration":[11,60],"details":[12],"to":[13],"ensure":[14],"that":[15,167,190],"content":[16,210],"returned":[17],"by":[18,94,98,221],"a":[19,37,52,79,89],"server":[20],"is":[21,75],"appropriate":[22],"for":[23,126,161],"the":[24,45,55,100,108,117,135,151,174,191,202,207],"requesting":[25],"host.":[26],"As":[27],"such,":[28],"analysis":[29],"of":[30,57,69,82,91,103,128,138,153,170,177,193,209],"UA":[31,70,85,104,155,194,218],"and":[33,47,59,112,145,182,199,226],"their":[34,230],"structure":[35],"offers":[36,51],"unique":[38,80,162],"perspective":[39,53],"on":[40,54,77,107,150,206,215],"active":[41],"systems":[43],"in":[44,229],"Internet":[46],"when":[48],"tracked":[49],"longitudinally,":[50],"nature":[56],"dynamics.":[61],"In":[62],"this":[63,168],"paper,":[64],"we":[65,200,213],"describe":[66,134],"our":[67],"study":[68],"string":[71],"characteristics.":[72],"Our":[73],"work":[74],"based":[76],"analyzing":[78,99],"corpus":[81],"over":[83,88],"1B":[84],"collected":[87],"period":[90],"2":[92],"years":[93],"comScore.":[95],"We":[96,115,147,165,188],"begin":[97],"general":[101],"characteristics":[102,152],"strings,":[105,156],"focusing":[106],"most":[109,120],"prevalent":[110],"dynamic":[113],"behaviors.":[114],"identify":[116],"top":[118],"10":[119],"popular":[121,139],"Agents,":[123],"which":[124,157],"account":[125],"26%":[127],"total":[129],"daily":[130],"volume.":[131],"These":[132],"expected":[136],"instances":[137,184],"platforms":[140],"such":[141],"as":[142],"Microsoft,":[143],"Apple":[144],"Google.":[146],"then":[148],"report":[149,214],"low-volume":[154],"has":[158,196],"important":[159],"implications":[160],"device":[163],"identification.":[164],"show":[166,189,201],"class":[169],"user":[171],"generates":[173],"overwhelming":[175],"majority":[176],"traffic,":[178],"with":[179],"between":[180],"2M":[181],"10M":[183],"observed":[185],"each":[186],"day.":[187],"distribution":[192,203],"temporal":[197],"dependence":[198],"measured":[204],"depends":[205],"type":[208],"served.":[211],"Finally,":[212],"two":[216],"large-scale":[217],"anomalies":[219],"characterized":[220],"web":[222,231],"browsers":[223],"sending":[224],"false":[225],"misleading":[227],"UAs":[228],"requests.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}