{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2756166059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3130971","title":"InvisibleEye","display_name":"InvisibleEye","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2756166059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3130971","mag":"2756166059"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3130971","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3130971","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219751","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","issn_l":"2474-9567","issn":["2474-9567"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055370369","display_name":"Marc Tonsen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109712","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/01w19ak89","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc Tonsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038793106","display_name":"Julian Steil","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109712","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/01w19ak89","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Steil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066894394","display_name":"Yusuke Sugano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4206-710X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusuke Sugano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Osaka University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Osaka University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073661463","display_name":"Andreas Bulling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6317-7303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109712","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/01w19ak89","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Bulling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.0232,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":92,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97750667,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9731000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9703999757766724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7678307890892029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.7539018392562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7331454157829285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.7171107530593872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.69434654712677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bittorrent-tracker","display_name":"BitTorrent tracker","score":0.6406891942024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5688831806182861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.5311445593833923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics","score":0.48015421628952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.471506267786026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-eye","display_name":"Human eye","score":0.4546147286891937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.44422003626823425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.41022366285324097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.32714688777923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.09536844491958618}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7678307890892029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.7539018392562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7331454157829285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.7171107530593872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.69434654712677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57501372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2021268","display_name":"BitTorrent tracker","level":3,"score":0.6406891942024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5688831806182861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.5311445593833923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77660652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150971","display_name":"Computer graphics","level":2,"score":0.48015421628952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.471506267786026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781427961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430024","display_name":"Human eye","level":2,"score":0.4546147286891937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.44422003626823425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.41022366285324097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.32714688777923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09536844491958618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3130971","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3130971","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219751","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","issn_l":"2474-9567","issn":["2474-9567"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308269","display_name":"Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung","ror":"https://ror.org/012kf4317"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323322","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t des Saarlandes","ror":"https://ror.org/01jdpyv68"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W200503164","https://openalex.org/W1562634897","https://openalex.org/W1581173798","https://openalex.org/W1666243891","https://openalex.org/W1765423497","https://openalex.org/W1769933788","https://openalex.org/W1812217105","https://openalex.org/W1965773733","https://openalex.org/W1968361279","https://openalex.org/W1968960638","https://openalex.org/W1976366304","https://openalex.org/W1979567358","https://openalex.org/W1986291329","https://openalex.org/W1994233592","https://openalex.org/W1995694455","https://openalex.org/W2000367546","https://openalex.org/W2001252859","https://openalex.org/W2002894654","https://openalex.org/W2007501803","https://openalex.org/W2014623060","https://openalex.org/W2017617273","https://openalex.org/W2025844337","https://openalex.org/W2027879843","https://openalex.org/W2033159913","https://openalex.org/W2033538409","https://openalex.org/W2038358290","https://openalex.org/W2042933690","https://openalex.org/W2050517906","https://openalex.org/W2053874005","https://openalex.org/W2055619977","https://openalex.org/W2072684935","https://openalex.org/W2073364464","https://openalex.org/W2074840634","https://openalex.org/W2079380854","https://openalex.org/W2090234410","https://openalex.org/W2103289133","https://openalex.org/W2107309161","https://openalex.org/W2107956149","https://openalex.org/W2108410782","https://openalex.org/W2112351660","https://openalex.org/W2124153422","https://openalex.org/W2125666044","https://openalex.org/W2126698740","https://openalex.org/W2137022750","https://openalex.org/W2140446229","https://openalex.org/W2146502635","https://openalex.org/W2151324917","https://openalex.org/W2160241137","https://openalex.org/W2162454958","https://openalex.org/W2166651347","https://openalex.org/W2167148976","https://openalex.org/W2173809567","https://openalex.org/W2176017127","https://openalex.org/W2177921452","https://openalex.org/W2204300335","https://openalex.org/W2235775875","https://openalex.org/W2256808982","https://openalex.org/W2271840356","https://openalex.org/W2272545788","https://openalex.org/W2292485954","https://openalex.org/W2295235733","https://openalex.org/W2295566235","https://openalex.org/W2299591120","https://openalex.org/W2300990177","https://openalex.org/W2347189483","https://openalex.org/W2468114283","https://openalex.org/W2519247488","https://openalex.org/W2536982654","https://openalex.org/W2553527692","https://openalex.org/W2557669140","https://openalex.org/W2686115206","https://openalex.org/W3006135479","https://openalex.org/W3098043036","https://openalex.org/W3098046716","https://openalex.org/W3098677709","https://openalex.org/W3106262690","https://openalex.org/W4293154803"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4384788979","https://openalex.org/W2511178891","https://openalex.org/W2126676984","https://openalex.org/W178060743","https://openalex.org/W2909390414","https://openalex.org/W2954509079","https://openalex.org/W3104472694","https://openalex.org/W2141888607","https://openalex.org/W2753886513","https://openalex.org/W1765993298"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Analysis":[0],"of":[1,18,103,117,170,181,187,206,214,227,243],"everyday":[2],"human":[3],"gaze":[4,124,133,203],"behaviour":[5],"has":[6],"significant":[7,236],"potential":[8,237],"for":[9,77,97,238],"ubiquitous":[10],"computing,":[11],"as":[12,120,122],"evidenced":[13],"by":[14],"a":[15,74,105,158,192,200,212],"large":[16],"body":[17],"work":[19],"in":[20,50,61,191],"gaze-based":[21],"human-computer":[22],"interaction,":[23],"attentive":[24,250],"user":[25,29,251],"interfaces,":[26],"and":[27,47,64,140,149,176,248],"eye-based":[28],"modelling.":[30],"However,":[31],"current":[32],"mobile":[33,78,193,245],"eye":[34,79,130,154,162,167,178,246],"trackers":[35],"are":[36],"still":[37],"obtrusive,":[38],"which":[39],"not":[40,222],"only":[41,104,215,223],"makes":[42],"them":[43,56],"uncomfortable":[44],"to":[45,113,126,132],"wear":[46],"socially":[48],"unacceptable":[49],"daily":[51],"life,":[52],"but":[53],"also":[54],"prevents":[55],"from":[57,129],"being":[58],"widely":[59],"adopted":[60],"the":[62,98,118,185,225,241],"social":[63],"behavioural":[65],"sciences.":[66],"To":[67,95],"address":[68],"these":[69],"challenges":[70],"we":[71],"present":[72],"InvisibleEye,":[73],"novel":[75,229],"approach":[76,109,230],"tracking":[80,247],"that":[81,86,197],"uses":[82,110],"millimetre-size":[83],"RGB":[84],"cameras":[85,112,210],"can":[87],"be":[88],"fully":[89],"embedded":[90],"into":[91],"normal":[92],"glasses":[93],"frames.":[94],"compensate":[96],"cameras\u2019":[99],"low":[100],"image":[101],"resolution":[102,213],"few":[106],"pixels,":[107],"our":[108,138],"multiple":[111],"capture":[114],"different":[115],"views":[116],"eye,":[119],"well":[121],"learning-based":[123],"estimation":[125,204],"directly":[127],"regress":[128],"images":[131,155,168,179],"directions.":[134],"We":[135,195],"prototypically":[136],"implement":[137],"system":[139],"characterise":[141],"its":[142,235],"performance":[143],"on":[144],"three":[145],"large-scale,":[146],"increasingly":[147],"realistic,":[148],"thus":[150],"challenging":[151],"datasets:":[152],"1)":[153],"synthesised":[156],"using":[157,208],"recent":[159],"computer":[160],"graphics":[161],"region":[163],"model,":[164],"2)":[165],"real":[166],"recorded":[169,180],"17":[171],"participants":[172,183],"under":[173],"controlled":[174],"lighting,":[175],"3)":[177],"four":[182,188,209],"over":[184],"course":[186],"recording":[189],"sessions":[190],"setting.":[194],"show":[196],"InvisibleEye":[198],"achieves":[199],"top":[201],"person-specific":[202],"accuracy":[205],"1.79\u00b0":[207],"with":[211],"5":[216,218],"\u00d7":[217],"pixels.":[219],"Our":[220],"evaluations":[221],"demonstrate":[224],"feasibility":[226],"this":[228],"but,":[231],"more":[232],"importantly,":[233],"underline":[234],"finally":[239],"realising":[240],"vision":[242],"invisible":[244],"pervasive":[249],"interfaces.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2017-09-25T00:00:00"}