{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2759596553","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3129416.3129436","title":"Investigating the effects various compilers have on the electromagnetic signature of a cryptographic executable","display_name":"Investigating the effects various compilers have on the electromagnetic signature of a cryptographic executable","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2759596553","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3129416.3129436","mag":"2759596553"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3129416.3129436","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3129416.3129436","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043698097","display_name":"Ibraheem Frieslaar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2886-5511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203238179","display_name":"Rhodes University","ror":"https://ror.org/016sewp10","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203238179"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ibraheem Frieslaar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203238179"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054384302","display_name":"Barry Irwin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2727-2124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203238179","display_name":"Rhodes University","ror":"https://ror.org/016sewp10","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203238179"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barry Irwin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203238179"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043698097"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203238179"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5851,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76088882,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.9589123725891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.9187371730804443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.795697033405304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.6712127923965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5224570035934448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-optimization","display_name":"Program optimization","score":0.502072811126709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.46917158365249634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4534800052642822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimizing-compiler","display_name":"Optimizing compiler","score":0.4368841052055359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compile-time","display_name":"Compile time","score":0.4240439534187317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4185938835144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.41191065311431885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.33255741000175476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.15000095963478088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06376823782920837}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.9589123725891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.9187371730804443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.795697033405304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.6712127923965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5224570035934448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139571649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156793","display_name":"Program optimization","level":3,"score":0.502072811126709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.46917158365249634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4534800052642822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190902152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1325106","display_name":"Optimizing compiler","level":3,"score":0.4368841052055359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200833197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333707","display_name":"Compile time","level":3,"score":0.4240439534187317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4185938835144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.41191065311431885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.33255741000175476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.15000095963478088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06376823782920837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3129416.3129436","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3129416.3129436","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320683","display_name":"Rhodes University","ror":"https://ror.org/016sewp10"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W20301286","https://openalex.org/W246421128","https://openalex.org/W1511843316","https://openalex.org/W1543721789","https://openalex.org/W1562542037","https://openalex.org/W1984380191","https://openalex.org/W2013716714","https://openalex.org/W2043056229","https://openalex.org/W2053832511","https://openalex.org/W2080698191","https://openalex.org/W2142495233","https://openalex.org/W2147324045","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2170334586","https://openalex.org/W2292672296","https://openalex.org/W2294868896","https://openalex.org/W2295683697","https://openalex.org/W2405148462","https://openalex.org/W2497293517","https://openalex.org/W2533043266","https://openalex.org/W2783125593"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2577630842","https://openalex.org/W2113798250","https://openalex.org/W1488300410","https://openalex.org/W4225492247","https://openalex.org/W2069117531","https://openalex.org/W4320560513","https://openalex.org/W2083681681","https://openalex.org/W2956382393","https://openalex.org/W1877657449","https://openalex.org/W2146865435"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"research":[1,163],"investigates":[2],"changes":[3],"in":[4],"the":[5,19,38,49,52,81,85,89,93,103,116,146,152,162,176,177],"electromagnetic":[6],"(EM)":[7],"signatures":[8,56],"of":[9,51,88,169],"a":[10,32,129],"cryptographic":[11,172],"binary":[12,53],"executable":[13],"based":[14],"on":[15,31,73],"compile-time":[16,47],"parameters":[17],"to":[18,101,107,166],"GNU":[20,65],"and":[21,29,48,66],"clang":[22,67,153],"compilers.":[23],"The":[24,76,112,134],"source":[25],"code":[26],"was":[27,123,142,150,155,164],"compiled":[28],"executed":[30],"Raspberry":[33],"Pi":[34],"2,":[35],"which":[36],"utilizes":[37],"ARMv7":[39],"CPU.":[40],"Various":[41],"optimization":[42,83,121],"flags":[43],"are":[44,57],"enabled":[45],"at":[46,59],"output":[50],"executable's":[54],"EM":[55,71,86,109,113],"captured":[58],"run-time.":[60],"It":[61],"is":[62],"demonstrated":[63,96],"that":[64,137],"compilers":[68,118],"produced":[69],"different":[70,120],"signature":[72,87],"program":[74,90],"execution.":[75],"results":[77,135],"indicated":[78,136],"while":[79],"utilizing":[80],"O3":[82],"flag,":[84],"changes.":[91],"Additionally,":[92],"g++":[94],"compiler":[95,154],"fewer":[97,108],"instructions":[98],"were":[99],"required":[100],"run":[102],"executable;":[104],"this":[105],"related":[106],"emissions":[110],"leaked.":[111],"data":[114,127],"from":[115,175],"various":[117],"under":[119],"levels":[122],"used":[124,156],"as":[125],"input":[126],"for":[128],"correlation":[130],"power":[131],"analysis":[132],"attack.":[133],"partial":[138],"AES-128":[139,171],"encryption":[140],"keys":[141],"possible.":[143],"In":[144],"addition,":[145],"fewest":[147],"subkeys":[148],"recovered":[149],"when":[151],"with":[157],"level":[158],"O2":[159],"optimization.":[160],"Finally,":[161],"able":[165],"recover":[167],"15":[168],"16":[170],"algorithm's":[173],"subkeys,":[174],"Pi.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}