{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2757214569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3126500","title":"Runtime Enforcement of Cyber-Physical Systems","display_name":"Runtime Enforcement of Cyber-Physical Systems","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-09-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2757214569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3126500","mag":"2757214569"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3126500","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3126500","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2292/39676","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035408678","display_name":"Srinivas Pinisetty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7779-8231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Srinivas Pinisetty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Finland and University of Gothenburg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Finland and University of Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081","https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076621370","display_name":"Partha S. Roop","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9654-5678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Partha S. Roop","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040819930","display_name":"Steven Smyth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2470-0880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32021983","display_name":"Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel","ror":"https://ror.org/04v76ef78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32021983"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Smyth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kiel University, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kiel University, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32021983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002861624","display_name":"Nathan Allen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7876-819X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Allen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Auckland, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080042319","display_name":"Stavros Tripakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1777-493X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stavros Tripakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Finland and UC Berkeley, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Finland and UC Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029982033","display_name":"Reinhard von Hanxleden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5691-1215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32021983","display_name":"Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel","ror":"https://ror.org/04v76ef78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32021983"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reinhard Von Hanxleden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kiel University, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kiel University, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32021983"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1104,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92743543,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"5s","first_page":"1","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8493481874465942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.7328734397888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enforcement","display_name":"Enforcement","score":0.7237066626548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automaton","display_name":"Automaton","score":0.6213062405586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.5596106648445129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/certification","display_name":"Certification","score":0.5398686528205872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5000836849212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.44920623302459717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-software","display_name":"Embedded software","score":0.43901652097702026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-checking","display_name":"Model checking","score":0.4112374186515808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.39205244183540344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.15817713737487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.13272032141685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.12005555629730225}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8493481874465942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.7328734397888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.7237066626548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112505250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787116","display_name":"Automaton","level":2,"score":0.6213062405586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.5596106648445129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46304622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374814","display_name":"Certification","level":2,"score":0.5398686528205872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5000836849212646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.44920623302459717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154488198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335007","display_name":"Embedded software","level":3,"score":0.43901652097702026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.4112374186515808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.39205244183540344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.15817713737487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.13272032141685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.12005555629730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3126500","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3126500","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchspace.auckland.ac.nz:2292/39676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2292/39676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055463","display_name":"ResearchSpace (University of Auckland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","host_organization_name":"University of Auckland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:researchspace.auckland.ac.nz:2292/39676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2292/39676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055463","display_name":"ResearchSpace (University of Auckland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","host_organization_name":"University of Auckland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2776845107","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015-04154","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","funder_display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3327879052","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PRETSY2 and DFG HA 4407/6-2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7175153130","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#1329759 and #1139138","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","ror":"https://ror.org/03zttf063"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W202802469","https://openalex.org/W1591643794","https://openalex.org/W1892497168","https://openalex.org/W1896363143","https://openalex.org/W1973223152","https://openalex.org/W1975567457","https://openalex.org/W1985929316","https://openalex.org/W1994571662","https://openalex.org/W1996718897","https://openalex.org/W2002130414","https://openalex.org/W2011052746","https://openalex.org/W2028720147","https://openalex.org/W2036910349","https://openalex.org/W2047707945","https://openalex.org/W2053398545","https://openalex.org/W2081324807","https://openalex.org/W2101508170","https://openalex.org/W2107193555","https://openalex.org/W2122473145","https://openalex.org/W2127335869","https://openalex.org/W2144540268","https://openalex.org/W2156808151","https://openalex.org/W2297343190","https://openalex.org/W2312684484","https://openalex.org/W2346361143","https://openalex.org/W2613344424","https://openalex.org/W2742288415","https://openalex.org/W2963530628","https://openalex.org/W4253041633"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3004173571","https://openalex.org/W2209816623","https://openalex.org/W1987127708","https://openalex.org/W3017360834","https://openalex.org/W2746280673","https://openalex.org/W2152996796","https://openalex.org/W1594593035","https://openalex.org/W2560415449","https://openalex.org/W2765400554","https://openalex.org/W2740682747"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"implantable":[1,44,137],"medical":[2],"devices,":[3],"such":[4],"as":[5],"pacemakers,":[6],"have":[7],"been":[8],"recalled":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,124,131,154],"failure":[12],"of":[13,34,40,43,53,81,88,109,136],"their":[14,20],"embedded":[15],"software.":[16],"This":[17],"motivates":[18],"rethinking":[19],"design":[21],"and":[22,143,168],"certification":[23],"processes.":[24],"We":[25],"propose,":[26],"for":[27,99],"the":[28,38,56,63,72,79,82,89,95,133,140,148,162,181,190],"first":[29],"time,":[30],"an":[31],"additional":[32],"layer":[33],"safety":[35,125,135],"by":[36],"formalising":[37,94],"problem":[39,98],"run-time":[41,51,96],"enforcement":[42,52,97],"pacemakers.":[45],"While":[46],"recent":[47],"work":[48,61],"has":[49],"formalised":[50],"reactive":[54],"systems,":[55],"proposed":[57,141],"framework":[58,191],"generalises":[59],"existing":[60],"along":[62],"following":[64],"directions:":[65],"(1)":[66],"we":[67,103,128,145],"develop":[68],"bi-directional":[69],"enforcement,":[70,142],"where":[71],"enforced":[73],"policies":[74,105],"depend":[75],"not":[76],"only":[77],"on":[78],"status":[80],"pacemaker":[83],"(the":[84,91],"controller)":[85],"but":[86],"also":[87],"heart":[90],"plant),":[92],"thus":[93],"cyber-physical":[100],"systems":[101],"(2)":[102],"express":[104],"using":[106,180],"a":[107,176],"variant":[108,158],"discrete":[110],"timed":[111],"automata":[112],"(DTA),":[113],"which":[114],"can":[115],"cover":[116],"all":[117],"regular":[118],"properties":[119],"unlike":[120],"earlier":[121],"frameworks":[122],"limited":[123],"properties,":[126],"(3)":[127],"are":[129],"able":[130],"ensure":[132],"timing":[134],"devices":[138],"through":[139,175],"(4)":[144],"show":[146,188],"that":[147,161,189],"DTA-based":[149],"approach":[150,172],"is":[151,165,173],"efficient":[152],"relative":[153],"its":[155],"dense":[156],"time":[157],"while":[159],"ensuring":[160],"discretisation":[163],"error":[164],"relatively":[166],"small":[167],"bounded.":[169],"The":[170,186],"developed":[171],"validated":[174],"prototype":[177],"system":[178],"implemented":[179],"open":[182],"source":[183],"KIELER":[184],"framework.":[185],"experiments":[187],"incurs":[192],"minimal":[193],"runtime":[194],"overhead.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
