{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2766210752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3123939.3124538","title":"Constructing and characterizing covert channels on GPGPUs","display_name":"Constructing and characterizing covert channels on GPGPUs","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2766210752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3123939.3124538","mag":"2766210752"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3123939.3124538","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3123939.3124538","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 50th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081598692","display_name":"Hoda Naghibijouybari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0468-3032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803209242","display_name":"University of California System","ror":"https://ror.org/00pjdza24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoda Naghibijouybari","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037831461","display_name":"Khaled N. Khasawneh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2116-2223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803209242","display_name":"University of California System","ror":"https://ror.org/00pjdza24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled N. Khasawneh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059614371","display_name":"Nael Abu\u2010Ghazaleh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9485-5370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803209242","display_name":"University of California System","ror":"https://ror.org/00pjdza24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nael Abu-Ghazaleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1307,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95292589,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"354","last_page":"366"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.895398736000061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5449787378311157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cuda","display_name":"CUDA","score":0.5140599012374878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.5074288249015808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4638488292694092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-purpose-computing-on-graphics-processing-units","display_name":"General-purpose computing on graphics processing units","score":0.45607972145080566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.35336676239967346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.32442769408226013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.16836512088775635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.09798261523246765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.895398736000061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5449787378311157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778119891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477690","display_name":"CUDA","level":2,"score":0.5140599012374878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.5074288249015808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4638488292694092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50630238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971505","display_name":"General-purpose computing on graphics processing units","level":3,"score":0.45607972145080566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.35336676239967346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.32442769408226013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.16836512088775635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.09798261523246765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3123939.3124538","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3123939.3124538","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 50th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G313743198","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1422401,CNS-1619450","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1871471646","https://openalex.org/W1934458198","https://openalex.org/W1995301561","https://openalex.org/W2011389593","https://openalex.org/W2014182302","https://openalex.org/W2017371166","https://openalex.org/W2023068795","https://openalex.org/W2025539306","https://openalex.org/W2060692877","https://openalex.org/W2068034551","https://openalex.org/W2075200534","https://openalex.org/W2080592089","https://openalex.org/W2097643185","https://openalex.org/W2104182023","https://openalex.org/W2105112969","https://openalex.org/W2106728965","https://openalex.org/W2110195531","https://openalex.org/W2111160280","https://openalex.org/W2112565184","https://openalex.org/W2119028650","https://openalex.org/W2150851481","https://openalex.org/W2150957281","https://openalex.org/W2162662589","https://openalex.org/W2166293920","https://openalex.org/W2213200328","https://openalex.org/W2233520879","https://openalex.org/W2255548496","https://openalex.org/W2299561166","https://openalex.org/W2323777873","https://openalex.org/W2337480911","https://openalex.org/W2434348546","https://openalex.org/W2510980549","https://openalex.org/W2522765117","https://openalex.org/W2532820564","https://openalex.org/W2561988158","https://openalex.org/W2588337836","https://openalex.org/W2612454599","https://openalex.org/W2616160421","https://openalex.org/W2998218219","https://openalex.org/W3102569685","https://openalex.org/W3136699861","https://openalex.org/W4211215349","https://openalex.org/W4243035950","https://openalex.org/W4393406951"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963859303","https://openalex.org/W2364044215","https://openalex.org/W2389600408","https://openalex.org/W240129890","https://openalex.org/W3048701459","https://openalex.org/W2149078538","https://openalex.org/W2370314112","https://openalex.org/W1912958759","https://openalex.org/W2792081825","https://openalex.org/W2893308117"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"General":[0],"Purpose":[1],"Graphics":[2],"Processing":[3],"Units":[4],"(GPGPUs)":[5],"are":[6,14],"present":[7,36],"in":[8],"most":[9],"modern":[10],"computing":[11],"platforms.":[12],"They":[13],"also":[15,61,136],"increasingly":[16],"integrated":[17],"as":[18,82,84],"a":[19,37,49],"computational":[20],"resource":[21],"on":[22,44,68,117,131,166,197],"clusters,":[23],"data":[24],"centers,":[25],"and":[26,111,124,126,155,173],"cloud":[27],"infrastructure,":[28],"making":[29,209],"them":[30],"possible":[31,188],"targets":[32],"for":[33],"attacks.":[34],"We":[35,96,114,135,190],"first":[38,75],"study":[39,115],"of":[40,51,143,158,194,205],"covert":[41,57,129,215],"channel":[42,145,216],"attacks":[43,47],"GPGPUs.":[45],"GPGPU":[46],"offer":[48],"number":[50],"attractive":[52],"properties":[53],"relative":[54],"to":[55,87,90,100,105,139,150,169,179,183],"CPU":[56],"channels.":[58],"These":[59],"channels":[60,130,196],"have":[62],"characteristics":[63],"different":[64,118,199],"from":[65,186],"their":[66],"counterparts":[67],"CPUs.":[69],"To":[70],"enable":[71],"the":[72,78,85,102,109,112,141,144,152,159,163,167,171,176,211],"attack,":[73],"we":[74],"reverse":[76],"engineer":[77],"hardware":[79],"block":[80],"scheduler":[81,89],"well":[83],"warp":[86,88],"characterize":[91],"how":[92],"co-location":[93,182],"is":[94],"established.":[95],"exploit":[97],"this":[98],"information":[99],"manipulate":[101],"scheduling":[103,177],"algorithms":[104,178],"create":[106,180],"co-residency":[107],"between":[108],"trojan":[110],"spy.":[113],"contention":[116],"resources":[119],"including":[120],"caches,":[121],"functional":[122],"units":[123],"memory,":[125],"construct":[127],"operational":[128,192],"all":[132,195],"these":[133],"resources.":[134],"investigate":[137],"approaches":[138],"increase":[140,156,170],"bandwidth":[142,204],"including:":[146],"(1)":[147],"using":[148],"synchronization":[149],"reduce":[151],"communication":[153],"cycle":[154],"robustness":[157],"channel;":[160],"(2)":[161],"exploiting":[162,175],"available":[164],"parallelism":[165],"GPU":[168],"bandwidth;":[172],"(3)":[174],"exclusive":[181],"prevent":[184],"interference":[185],"other":[187],"applications.":[189],"demonstrate":[191],"versions":[193],"three":[198],"Nvidia":[200],"GPGPUs,":[201],"obtaining":[202],"error-free":[203],"over":[206],"4":[207],"Mbps,":[208],"it":[210],"fastest":[212],"known":[213],"microarchitectural":[214],"under":[217],"realistic":[218],"conditions.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
