{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2752073168","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3123024.3123087","title":"One-step, three-factor authentication in a single earpiece","display_name":"One-step, three-factor authentication in a single earpiece","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2752073168","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3123024.3123087","mag":"2752073168"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3123024.3123087","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3123024.3123087","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001531481","display_name":"Max T. Curran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3712-8572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803209242","display_name":"University of California System","ror":"https://ror.org/00pjdza24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Max T. Curran","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026428321","display_name":"Nick Merrill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3669-1387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803209242","display_name":"University of California System","ror":"https://ror.org/00pjdza24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nick Merrill","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048767056","display_name":"John Chuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4348-6226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803209242","display_name":"University of California System","ror":"https://ror.org/00pjdza24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Chuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039521570","display_name":"Swapan Gandhi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137835","display_name":"Starkey Hearing Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02yhzgr66","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137835"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swapan Gandhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Starkey Hearing Research Center"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Starkey Hearing Research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137835"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001531481"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803209242"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9345,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89610211,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"21","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.7905216217041016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7669430375099182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.7465806007385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usable","display_name":"USable","score":0.7455516457557678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","score":0.5964613556861877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting","display_name":"Limiting","score":0.5677407383918762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.5665839314460754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/possession","display_name":"Possession (linguistics)","score":0.4704049229621887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42541104555130005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3678632974624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3309081494808197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3066215515136719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.29672670364379883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13213250041007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.11517176032066345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.07927662134170532}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.7905216217041016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7669430375099182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.7465806007385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.7455516457557678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.5964613556861877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.5677407383918762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.5665839314460754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780193096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3543662","display_name":"Possession (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4704049229621887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42541104555130005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3678632974624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3309081494808197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3066215515136719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.29672670364379883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13213250041007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.11517176032066345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.07927662134170532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3123024.3123087","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3123024.3123087","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307873","display_name":"William and Flora Hewlett Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04hd1y677"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309411","display_name":"University of California Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W182695033","https://openalex.org/W1978962433","https://openalex.org/W1990016207","https://openalex.org/W2083358597","https://openalex.org/W2097245267","https://openalex.org/W2098844365","https://openalex.org/W2134577338","https://openalex.org/W2136365570","https://openalex.org/W2150066253","https://openalex.org/W2215223852","https://openalex.org/W2532511249","https://openalex.org/W3102476541"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W931969443","https://openalex.org/W2381781572","https://openalex.org/W2350339206","https://openalex.org/W4210480003","https://openalex.org/W2310251353","https://openalex.org/W2392139924","https://openalex.org/W2093968286","https://openalex.org/W2161280172","https://openalex.org/W2187233292","https://openalex.org/W3197290876"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multifactor":[0],"authentication":[1,49,67],"presents":[2],"a":[3,20,29,41,55,128,136],"robust":[4,140],"security":[5],"method,":[6],"but":[7],"typically":[8],"requires":[9],"multiple":[10],"steps":[11],"on":[12],"the":[13,16,59],"part":[14],"of":[15,48,61],"user":[17],"resulting":[18],"in":[19,54,58,115],"high":[21],"cost":[22],"to":[23,94],"usability":[24],"and":[25,36,52,103,139],"limiting":[26],"adoption.":[27],"Furthermore,":[28],"truly":[30],"usable":[31],"system":[32,42],"must":[33],"be":[34],"unobtrusive":[35],"inconspicuous.":[37],"Here,":[38],"we":[39,91],"present":[40],"that":[43,127],"provides":[44],"all":[45],"three":[46,122],"factors":[47],"(knowledge,":[50],"possession,":[51],"inherence)":[53],"single":[56,129],"step":[57],"form":[60],"an":[62],"earpiece":[63,120,130],"which":[64],"implements":[65],"brain-based":[66],"via":[68],"custom-fit,":[69],"in-ear":[70],"electroencephalography":[71],"(EEG).":[72],"We":[73],"demonstrate":[74],"its":[75],"potential":[76],"by":[77,118],"collecting":[78],"EEG":[79],"data":[80],"using":[81,109],"manufactured":[82],"custom-fit":[83],"earpieces":[84],"with":[85,121,131],"embedded":[86,132],"electrodes.":[87,123],"Across":[88],"7":[89],"participants,":[90],"are":[92],"able":[93],"achieve":[95],"perfect":[96],"performance,":[97],"mean":[98],"0%":[99,104],"false":[100,105],"acceptance":[101],"(FAR)":[102],"rejection":[106],"rates":[107],"(FRR),":[108],"participants'":[110],"best":[111],"performing":[112],"tasks":[113],"collected":[114],"one":[116,119],"session":[117],"Our":[124],"results":[125],"indicate":[126],"electrodes":[133],"could":[134],"provide":[135],"discreet,":[137],"convenient,":[138],"method":[141],"for":[142],"secure":[143],"one-step,":[144],"three-factor":[145],"authentication.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
