{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2754753494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3109480","title":"Predictor-Estimator","display_name":"Predictor-Estimator","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-09-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2754753494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3109480","mag":"2754753494"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3109480","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3109480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306421405","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","issn_l":"2375-4699","issn":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100371177","display_name":"Hyun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5990-8158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5990-8158","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112212171","display_name":"Hun-Young Jung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hun-Young Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111760264","display_name":"Hong-Seok Kwon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongseok Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101532821","display_name":"Jong-Hyeok Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9584-856X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jong-Hyeok Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066848156","display_name":"Seung\u2010Hoon Na","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4372-7125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80611190","display_name":"Jeonbuk National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05q92br09","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80611190"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seung-Hoon Na","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80611190"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6092,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97308761,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8013254404067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.6601510047912598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6066004037857056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5992098450660706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5975968837738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5821006298065186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.5582919120788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5235475897789001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4996771812438965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.479469895362854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4681459069252014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.46341222524642944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32210418581962585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.11784628033638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09425634145736694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8013254404067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.6601510047912598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6066004037857056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5992098450660706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5975968837738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5821006298065186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.5582919120788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5235475897789001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4996771812438965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.479469895362854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4681459069252014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.46341222524642944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32210418581962585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11784628033638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09425634145736694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3109480","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3109480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306421405","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","issn_l":"2375-4699","issn":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oasis.postech.ac.kr:2014.oak/50628","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://oasis.postech.ac.kr/handle/2014.oak/50628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401965","display_name":"Open Access System for Information Sharing (Pohang University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","host_organization_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6908809","https://openalex.org/W22168010","https://openalex.org/W95682282","https://openalex.org/W1566256432","https://openalex.org/W1582869709","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1940872118","https://openalex.org/W1975742580","https://openalex.org/W2057765767","https://openalex.org/W2095650036","https://openalex.org/W2103288873","https://openalex.org/W2144746247","https://openalex.org/W2149327368","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2158899491","https://openalex.org/W2160001241","https://openalex.org/W2164984707","https://openalex.org/W2167679664","https://openalex.org/W2250489405","https://openalex.org/W2251333340","https://openalex.org/W2251682575","https://openalex.org/W2251994258","https://openalex.org/W2257408573","https://openalex.org/W2275115695","https://openalex.org/W2472373455","https://openalex.org/W2508032974","https://openalex.org/W2511164486","https://openalex.org/W2512232685","https://openalex.org/W2512924740","https://openalex.org/W2514694861","https://openalex.org/W2621975677","https://openalex.org/W2915349642","https://openalex.org/W2949656028","https://openalex.org/W2964308564"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3011059803","https://openalex.org/W4287880334","https://openalex.org/W4366700029","https://openalex.org/W3175363083","https://openalex.org/W4285230481","https://openalex.org/W4385769873","https://openalex.org/W2015759683","https://openalex.org/W4281634296","https://openalex.org/W4319161863","https://openalex.org/W2371687270"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"quality":[1,29,48,60,78,95,110,173,185,190,220,225,236,241,255,265],"estimation":[2,30,49,61,79,111,174,186,191,221,226,237,242,256,266],"has":[3,273],"been":[4],"attracting":[5],"increasing":[6],"interest":[7],"from":[8,211,224,245],"machine":[9,22,141],"translation":[10,23,142],"researchers,":[11],"aiming":[12],"at":[13],"finding":[14],"a":[15,37,42,104,132,138,148,205,218,231,235],"good":[16],"estimator":[17],"for":[18,28,109,146],"the":[19,34,56,67,113,127,154,165,195,246,254,277],"\u201cquality\u201d":[20],"of":[21,59,70,126,199],"output.":[24],"The":[25,123,160,258],"common":[26],"approach":[27],"is":[31,131,163,169,177],"to":[32,66,86,172,180,184,234],"treat":[33],"problem":[35],"as":[36,52,119],"supervised":[38],"regression/classification":[39],"task":[40,233],"using":[41],"quality-annotated":[43],"noisy":[44],"parallel":[45,212],"corpus,":[46],"called":[47],"data":[50,62],",":[51],"training":[53],"data.":[54,73,227],"However,":[55],"available":[57],"size":[58],"remains":[63],"small,":[64],"due":[65],"too-expensive":[68],"cost":[69],"creating":[71],"such":[72],"In":[74],"addition,":[75],"most":[76],"conventional":[77],"approaches":[80],"rely":[81],"on":[82,137,152,261],"manually":[83],"designed":[84],"features":[85],"model":[87,135,145,168,209,222,249],"nonlinear":[88],"relationships":[89],"between":[90],"feature":[91,243],"vectors":[92,244],"and":[93,157,176,214,250,263],"corresponding":[94],"labels.":[96],"To":[97,228],"overcome":[98],"these":[99],"problems,":[100],"this":[101],"article":[102],"proposes":[103],"novel":[105],"neural":[106,129,140,200,206,219],"network":[107],"architecture":[108,130],"task\u2014called":[112],"predictor-estimator":[114],"\u2014that":[115],"considers":[116],"word":[117,133,150,166,207,230,247],"prediction":[118,134,167,208,232,248],"an":[120],"additional":[121],"pre-task.":[122],"major":[124],"component":[125],"proposed":[128,189,271],"based":[136],"modified":[139],"model\u2014a":[143],"probabilistic":[144],"predicting":[147],"target":[149,158],"conditioned":[151],"all":[153],"other":[155],"source":[156],"contexts.":[159],"underlying":[161],"assumption":[162],"that":[164,269],"highly":[170],"related":[171],"models":[175],"therefore":[178],"able":[179],"transfer":[181,229],"useful":[182],"knowledge":[183],"tasks.":[187],"Our":[188],"method":[192,272],"sequentially":[193],"trains":[194],"following":[196],"two":[197],"types":[198],"models:":[201],"(1)":[202],"Predictor":[203],":":[204,217],"trained":[210,223],"corpora":[213],"(2)":[215],"Estimator":[216],"task,":[238],"we":[239],"generate":[240],"feed":[251],"them":[252],"into":[253],"model.":[257],"experimental":[259],"results":[260],"WMT15":[262],"16":[264],"datasets":[267],"show":[268],"our":[270],"great":[274],"potential":[275],"in":[276],"various":[278],"sub-challenges.":[279]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}