{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2761909754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3107614","title":"Automated Vehicle Detection and Classification","display_name":"Automated Vehicle Detection and Classification","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2761909754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3107614","mag":"2761909754"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3107614","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3107614","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012195474","display_name":"Azzedine Boukerche","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3851-9938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azzedine Boukerche","raw_affiliation_strings":["PARADISE Research Lab, University of Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3851-9938","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PARADISE Research Lab, University of Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049326529","display_name":"Abdul Jabbar Siddiqui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6233-598X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Jabbar Siddiqui","raw_affiliation_strings":["PARADISE Research Lab, University of Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PARADISE Research Lab, University of Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025866975","display_name":"Abdelhamid Mammeri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelhamid Mammeri","raw_affiliation_strings":["PARADISE Research Lab, University of Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PARADISE Research Lab, University of Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6627,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":80,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90823337,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"50","issue":"5","first_page":"1","last_page":"39"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8999645709991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.6992736458778381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.531152606010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-research","display_name":"Open research","score":0.48625266551971436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.47537270188331604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.46104854345321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4384691119194031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.43628403544425964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.17250686883926392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.13937464356422424}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8999645709991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.6992736458778381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.531152606010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.48625266551971436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.47537270188331604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.46104854345321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4384691119194031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.43628403544425964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.17250686883926392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.13937464356422424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3107614","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3107614","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320994","display_name":"Canada Research Chairs","ror":"https://ror.org/0517h6h17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":152,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22745672","https://openalex.org/W65698074","https://openalex.org/W238370718","https://openalex.org/W646867968","https://openalex.org/W827974120","https://openalex.org/W1485800236","https://openalex.org/W1515244452","https://openalex.org/W1528417023","https://openalex.org/W1578352865","https://openalex.org/W1585377561","https://openalex.org/W1589362500","https://openalex.org/W1597421340","https://openalex.org/W1606858007","https://openalex.org/W1625255723","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1898560071","https://openalex.org/W1924485039","https://openalex.org/W1929903369","https://openalex.org/W1958236864","https://openalex.org/W1965131576","https://openalex.org/W1965399053","https://openalex.org/W1965470957","https://openalex.org/W1966385142","https://openalex.org/W1971632563","https://openalex.org/W1976327045","https://openalex.org/W1977372648","https://openalex.org/W1981438058","https://openalex.org/W1984204905","https://openalex.org/W1991132076","https://openalex.org/W1992636780","https://openalex.org/W1996595210","https://openalex.org/W1997844571","https://openalex.org/W1998808035","https://openalex.org/W2003033789","https://openalex.org/W2012313888","https://openalex.org/W2012831311","https://openalex.org/W2019531340","https://openalex.org/W2021805331","https://openalex.org/W2024121930","https://openalex.org/W2026719822","https://openalex.org/W2027922120","https://openalex.org/W2029315852","https://openalex.org/W2034627636","https://openalex.org/W2035866593","https://openalex.org/W2036177634","https://openalex.org/W2040212551","https://openalex.org/W2042241913","https://openalex.org/W2042500594","https://openalex.org/W2043102511","https://openalex.org/W2045721916","https://openalex.org/W2051051698","https://openalex.org/W2052097982","https://openalex.org/W2054256694","https://openalex.org/W2057175746","https://openalex.org/W2058459606","https://openalex.org/W2069428064","https://openalex.org/W2070483206","https://openalex.org/W2070935429","https://openalex.org/W2072852087","https://openalex.org/W2075323927","https://openalex.org/W2079479194","https://openalex.org/W2080829704","https://openalex.org/W2085762171","https://openalex.org/W2086401669","https://openalex.org/W2088173505","https://openalex.org/W2089665028","https://openalex.org/W2090860576","https://openalex.org/W2090890830","https://openalex.org/W2093429213","https://openalex.org/W2095326749","https://openalex.org/W2095613246","https://openalex.org/W2096688422","https://openalex.org/W2097184312","https://openalex.org/W2098411764","https://openalex.org/W2099695159","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2102625004","https://openalex.org/W2102819153","https://openalex.org/W2103497972","https://openalex.org/W2105272831","https://openalex.org/W2107369107","https://openalex.org/W2111918405","https://openalex.org/W2115900659","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2117741877","https://openalex.org/W2119650747","https://openalex.org/W2120284346","https://openalex.org/W2120907774","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2123203601","https://openalex.org/W2123495974","https://openalex.org/W2124386111","https://openalex.org/W2124450022","https://openalex.org/W2127878586","https://openalex.org/W2127943254","https://openalex.org/W2131087111","https://openalex.org/W2131490314","https://openalex.org/W2131846894","https://openalex.org/W2133457703","https://openalex.org/W2134270519","https://openalex.org/W2135706578","https://openalex.org/W2138011018","https://openalex.org/W2138273245","https://openalex.org/W2139323304","https://openalex.org/W2144426297","https://openalex.org/W2148231952","https://openalex.org/W2153500651","https://openalex.org/W2153795334","https://openalex.org/W2154445449","https://openalex.org/W2154683974","https://openalex.org/W2155893237","https://openalex.org/W2161106546","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2162915993","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2165055554","https://openalex.org/W2165065922","https://openalex.org/W2168296665","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2169561155","https://openalex.org/W2169915211","https://openalex.org/W2170282673","https://openalex.org/W2170556156","https://openalex.org/W2170597348","https://openalex.org/W2179713099","https://openalex.org/W2179942681","https://openalex.org/W2224949780","https://openalex.org/W2228843855","https://openalex.org/W2229419338","https://openalex.org/W2251597083","https://openalex.org/W2343184955","https://openalex.org/W2405089906","https://openalex.org/W2475242006","https://openalex.org/W2487852963","https://openalex.org/W2526782364","https://openalex.org/W2529099292","https://openalex.org/W2585858557","https://openalex.org/W2911709767","https://openalex.org/W2913340405","https://openalex.org/W2914355744","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W3143107425","https://openalex.org/W4234373170","https://openalex.org/W4237606297","https://openalex.org/W4251296018","https://openalex.org/W4256253899","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4300401154","https://openalex.org/W4301696323"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2165912799","https://openalex.org/W2735662278","https://openalex.org/W2382615723","https://openalex.org/W4311804456","https://openalex.org/W1987484445","https://openalex.org/W2623658258","https://openalex.org/W2143413548","https://openalex.org/W1969219540","https://openalex.org/W2370459448","https://openalex.org/W2152260668"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"Vehicle":[1,40,43,47],"Classification":[2],"(AVC)":[3],"based":[4,33],"on":[5,34,182],"vision":[6],"sensors":[7],"has":[8],"received":[9],"active":[10],"attention":[11],"from":[12],"researchers,":[13],"due":[14],"to":[15,89,170,189,193],"heightened":[16],"security":[17],"concerns":[18],"in":[19,108,125,136,150,167,176],"Intelligent":[20],"Transportation":[21],"Systems.":[22],"In":[23],"this":[24,137,151],"work,":[25],"we":[26,58,142],"propose":[27],"a":[28,60],"categorization":[29],"of":[30,37,55,65,110,128,139,148,179],"AVC":[31,56,94,104,129,159],"studies":[32],"the":[35,76,101,111,154,168],"granularity":[36],"classification,":[38],"namely":[39],"Type":[41],"Recognition,":[42,45],"Make":[44,48],"and":[46,49,63,70,78,82,91,116,188],"Model":[50],"Recognition.":[51],"For":[52],"each":[53,126,177,186],"category":[54,127,178],"systems,":[57],"present":[59,75],"comprehensive":[61],"review":[62],"comparison":[64],"features":[66],"extraction,":[67],"global":[68],"representation,":[69],"classification":[71],"techniques.":[72],"We":[73],"also":[74,106],"accuracy":[77],"speed-related":[79],"performance":[80],"metrics":[81],"discuss":[83],"how":[84],"they":[85,114,118],"can":[86],"be":[87],"used":[88],"compare":[90],"evaluate":[92],"different":[93],"works.":[95],"The":[96,121],"various":[97],"datasets":[98],"proposed":[99,184],"over":[100],"years":[102],"for":[103,185],"are":[105,131],"compared":[107],"light":[109],"real-world":[112],"challenges":[113,123],"represent,":[115],"those":[117],"do":[119],"not.":[120],"major":[122],"involved":[124],"systems":[130],"presented,":[132],"highlighting":[133],"open":[134],"problems":[135],"area":[138,169],"research.":[140],"Finally,":[141],"conclude":[143],"by":[144],"providing":[145],"future":[146],"directions":[147],"research":[149],"area,":[152],"paving":[153],"way":[155],"toward":[156],"efficient":[157],"large-scale":[158],"systems.":[160],"This":[161],"survey":[162],"shall":[163],"help":[164],"researchers":[165],"interested":[166],"analyze":[171],"works":[172],"completed":[173],"so":[174],"far":[175],"AVC,":[180],"focusing":[181],"techniques":[183],"module,":[187],"chalk":[190],"out":[191],"strategies":[192],"enhance":[194],"state-of-the-art":[195],"technology.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}