{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2584805976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3097983.3098095","title":"Algorithmic Decision Making and the Cost of Fairness","display_name":"Algorithmic Decision Making and the Cost of Fairness","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2584805976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3097983.3098095","mag":"2584805976"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3097983.3098095","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3097983.3098095","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026829784","display_name":"Sam Corbett\u2010Davies","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sam Corbett-Davies","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067807487","display_name":"Emma Pierson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6149-5567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emma Pierson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017768355","display_name":"Avi Feller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7319-5468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avi Feller","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027036879","display_name":"Sharad Goel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6103-9318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharad Goel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034217753","display_name":"Aziz Z. Huq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1490-8434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aziz Huq","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166","https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026829784"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":154.7913,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1118,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99990756,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"797","last_page":"806"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.9822999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.662972092628479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race","display_name":"Race (biology)","score":0.5190475583076477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4711426794528961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3524194061756134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.32471078634262085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14230716228485107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.10677352547645569}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.662972092628479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5190475583076477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4711426794528961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3524194061756134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.32471078634262085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14230716228485107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.10677352547645569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3097983.3098095","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3097983.3098095","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308835","display_name":"John S. and James L. Knight Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/00mn6be63"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1583837637","https://openalex.org/W1618905105","https://openalex.org/W1648937643","https://openalex.org/W1927360298","https://openalex.org/W1961345416","https://openalex.org/W1982554689","https://openalex.org/W2014352947","https://openalex.org/W2038763866","https://openalex.org/W2039612585","https://openalex.org/W2075789052","https://openalex.org/W2083685419","https://openalex.org/W2090482080","https://openalex.org/W2100960835","https://openalex.org/W2155141930","https://openalex.org/W2157020070","https://openalex.org/W2159840004","https://openalex.org/W2162670686","https://openalex.org/W2164423611","https://openalex.org/W2166454173","https://openalex.org/W2260204767","https://openalex.org/W2288220956","https://openalex.org/W2320916292","https://openalex.org/W2356267092","https://openalex.org/W2396297565","https://openalex.org/W2396394641","https://openalex.org/W2398470805","https://openalex.org/W2499561022","https://openalex.org/W2529251251","https://openalex.org/W2530395818","https://openalex.org/W2540757487","https://openalex.org/W2546836975","https://openalex.org/W2548695521","https://openalex.org/W2588168955","https://openalex.org/W2592259756","https://openalex.org/W2599025709","https://openalex.org/W2962922665","https://openalex.org/W2964031043","https://openalex.org/W3121654114","https://openalex.org/W3123374861","https://openalex.org/W3125132731","https://openalex.org/W3125789530","https://openalex.org/W4289258088","https://openalex.org/W6684072790","https://openalex.org/W7062096070"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2492471733","https://openalex.org/W4395679069","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W3013012681","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Algorithms":[0],"are":[1,11,26,135],"now":[2],"regularly":[3],"used":[4],"to":[5,14,33,50,65,75,114,137,198,203],"decide":[6],"whether":[7],"defendants":[8,25,32,95],"awaiting":[9],"trial":[10],"too":[12],"dangerous":[13],"be":[15,34,180],"released":[16],"back":[17],"into":[18],"the":[19,62,88,104,138,145,193],"community.":[20],"In":[21],"some":[22],"cases,":[23],"black":[24],"substantially":[27],"more":[28],"likely":[29],"than":[30],"white":[31],"incorrectly":[35],"classified":[36],"as":[37,59],"high":[38],"risk.":[39],"To":[40],"mitigate":[41],"such":[42],"disparities,":[43],"several":[44,83],"techniques":[45],"have":[46],"recently":[47],"been":[48],"proposed":[49],"achieve":[51],"algorithmic":[52,57,165],"fairness.":[53,166],"Here":[54],"we":[55,174,195],"reformulate":[56],"fairness":[58,72],"constrained":[60,147],"optimization:":[61],"objective":[63],"is":[64,154],"maximize":[66],"public":[67,122,158],"safety":[68,123,159],"while":[69,124],"satisfying":[70,126,161],"formal":[71],"constraints":[73],"designed":[74],"reduce":[76],"racial":[77],"disparities.":[78],"We":[79,100,184],"show":[80,102,175],"that":[81,91,103,132,176],"for":[82,188],"past":[84],"definitions":[85],"of":[86,130,142,164],"fairness,":[87],"optimal":[89,105,146],"algorithms":[90,150,187],"result":[92],"require":[93],"detaining":[94],"above":[96],"race-specific":[97],"risk":[98],"thresholds.":[99],"further":[101],"unconstrained":[106,118,149],"algorithm":[107,119],"requires":[108],"applying":[109],"a":[110],"single,":[111],"uniform":[112],"threshold":[113],"all":[115,133],"defendants.":[116],"The":[117],"thus":[120],"maximizes":[121],"also":[125,202],"one":[127],"important":[128],"understanding":[129],"equality:":[131],"individuals":[134],"held":[136],"same":[139],"standard,":[140],"irrespective":[141],"race.":[143],"Because":[144],"and":[148,160,201],"generally":[151],"differ,":[152],"there":[153],"tension":[155],"between":[156],"improving":[157],"prevailing":[162],"notions":[163],"By":[167],"examining":[168],"data":[169],"from":[170],"Broward":[171],"County,":[172],"Florida,":[173],"this":[177],"trade-off":[178],"can":[179],"large":[181],"in":[182],"practice.":[183],"focus":[185],"on":[186],"pretrial":[189],"release":[190],"decisions,":[191],"but":[192],"principles":[194],"discuss":[196],"apply":[197],"other":[199],"domains,":[200],"human":[204],"decision":[205,210],"makers":[206],"carrying":[207],"out":[208],"structured":[209],"rules.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":103},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":128},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":181},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":143},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":173},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":161},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":125},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-04T09:04:59.091469","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
