{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2605225344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3097983.3098059","title":"Deep Embedding Forest","display_name":"Deep Embedding Forest","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2605225344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3097983.3098059","mag":"2605225344"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3097983.3098059","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3097983.3098059","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007483922","display_name":"Jie Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0563-3977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102004349","display_name":"Ying Shan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7673-8325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Shan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113236338","display_name":"JianYu Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3222-2007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.C. Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034476404","display_name":"Dong Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0520-6844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086618139","display_name":"Holakou Rahmanian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185103710","display_name":"University of California, Santa Cruz","ror":"https://ror.org/03s65by71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Holakou Rahmanian","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185103710"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100388188","display_name":"Yi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5867-9322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007483922"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2655,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96360716,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1703","last_page":"1711"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.8295827507972717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7743901610374451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.7630447149276733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-specific-integrated-circuit","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","score":0.5706486701965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5504117012023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.5051246285438538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5011353492736816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.47801220417022705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4629109501838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.41007229685783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39692485332489014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.39240482449531555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3244793117046356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.2915996313095093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.19292348623275757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0754830539226532}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.8295827507972717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7743901610374451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.7630447149276733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77390884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217302","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.5706486701965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5504117012023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.5051246285438538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5011353492736816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.47801220417022705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4629109501838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.41007229685783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39692485332489014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.39240482449531555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3244793117046356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2915996313095093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.19292348623275757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0754830539226532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3097983.3098059","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3097983.3098059","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W986585644","https://openalex.org/W1489069776","https://openalex.org/W1542798451","https://openalex.org/W1667652561","https://openalex.org/W1975392791","https://openalex.org/W2072128103","https://openalex.org/W2076618162","https://openalex.org/W2103496339","https://openalex.org/W2123199310","https://openalex.org/W2136189984","https://openalex.org/W2137983211","https://openalex.org/W2145094598","https://openalex.org/W2160306971","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2220384803","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2517540742","https://openalex.org/W2553372643","https://openalex.org/W2565547466","https://openalex.org/W2579940495","https://openalex.org/W2729785224","https://openalex.org/W2785055198","https://openalex.org/W2828037881","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2997574889","https://openalex.org/W3102476541","https://openalex.org/W3146803896","https://openalex.org/W4231109964"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2595172197","https://openalex.org/W2084856301","https://openalex.org/W2127970246","https://openalex.org/W4382618745","https://openalex.org/W2885125400","https://openalex.org/W1001352512","https://openalex.org/W1989889224","https://openalex.org/W1485756991","https://openalex.org/W2376218453","https://openalex.org/W2984236338"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0,84],"Neural":[1],"Networks":[2],"(DNN)":[3],"have":[4],"demonstrated":[5],"superior":[6],"ability":[7],"to":[8,29,117,123],"extract":[9],"high":[10,112],"level":[11,16],"embedding":[12,103],"vectors":[13],"from":[14,90],"low":[15,70],"features.":[17,79],"Despite":[18],"the":[19,21,26,52,91,124,130],"success,":[20],"serving":[22,43,71],"time":[23],"is":[24],"still":[25],"bottleneck":[27],"due":[28],"expensive":[30],"run-time":[31],"computation":[32],"of":[33,36,55,69,93,99,102,115],"multiple":[34],"layers":[35,104],"dense":[37],"matrices.":[38],"GPGPU,":[39],"FPGA,":[40],"or":[41,62],"ASIC-based":[42],"systems":[44],"require":[45],"additional":[46],"hardware":[47],"that":[48,88],"are":[49,65],"not":[50],"in":[51],"mainstream":[53],"design":[54],"most":[56],"commercial":[57],"applications.":[58],"In":[59],"contrast,":[60],"tree":[61],"forest-based":[63],"models":[64],"widely":[66],"adopted":[67],"because":[68],"cost,":[72],"but":[73],"heavily":[74],"depend":[75],"on":[76],"carefully":[77],"engineered":[78],"This":[80],"work":[81],"proposes":[82],"a":[83,100,106],"Embedding":[85],"Forest":[86],"model":[87,97],"benefits":[89],"best":[92],"both":[94],"worlds.":[95],"The":[96,109],"consists":[98],"number":[101],"and":[105,119,129],"forest/tree":[107],"layer.":[108],"former":[110],"maps":[111],"dimensional":[113,126],"(hundreds":[114],"thousands":[116],"millions)":[118],"heterogeneous":[120],"low-level":[121],"features":[122],"lower":[125],"(thousands)":[127],"vectors,":[128],"latter":[131],"ensures":[132],"fast":[133],"serving.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}