{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2784446562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3093894","title":"Improving Verification Accuracy of CPS by Modeling and Calibrating Interaction Uncertainty","display_name":"Improving Verification Accuracy of CPS by Modeling and Calibrating Interaction Uncertainty","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2784446562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3093894","mag":"2784446562"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3093894","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3093894","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97833917","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Internet Technology","issn_l":"1533-5399","issn":["1533-5399","1557-6051"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Internet Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056747983","display_name":"Wenhua Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1213-6733"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenhua Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology and Department of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology and Department of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052203980","display_name":"Chang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6299-4704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology and Department of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology and Department of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002720603","display_name":"Minxue Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4011-5350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minxue Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology and Software Institute, Nanjing University, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology and Software Institute, Nanjing University, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041674680","display_name":"Xiaoxing Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7970-1384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxing Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology and Department of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology and Department of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037645622","display_name":"Jian L\u00fc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7025-7448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology and Department of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University, P.R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology and Department of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University, P.R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056747983"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3826,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82719962,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8305438160896301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterexample","display_name":"Counterexample","score":0.6498978734016418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.6390876173973083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-quantification","display_name":"Uncertainty quantification","score":0.621572732925415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5639200210571289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satisfiability-modulo-theories","display_name":"Satisfiability modulo theories","score":0.5287551283836365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.47086822986602783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.443346232175827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satisfiability","display_name":"Satisfiability","score":0.42037442326545715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4175741374492645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-checking","display_name":"Model checking","score":0.4171316623687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-analysis","display_name":"Uncertainty analysis","score":0.4124927222728729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.38026192784309387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34506499767303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32658660411834717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.18385359644889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.13313767313957214}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8305438160896301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162838799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596077","display_name":"Counterexample","level":2,"score":0.6498978734016418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6390876173973083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32230216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7882499","display_name":"Uncertainty quantification","level":2,"score":0.621572732925415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5639200210571289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164155591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067766","display_name":"Satisfiability modulo theories","level":2,"score":0.5287551283836365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.47086822986602783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.443346232175827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168773769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1350299","display_name":"Satisfiability","level":2,"score":0.42037442326545715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4175741374492645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.4171316623687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177803969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29205","display_name":"Uncertainty analysis","level":2,"score":0.4124927222728729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.38026192784309387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34506499767303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32658660411834717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.18385359644889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.13313767313957214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3093894","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3093894","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S97833917","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Internet Technology","issn_l":"1533-5399","issn":["1533-5399","1557-6051"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Internet Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3745142138","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61690204 and 61472174","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4381090480","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20150589","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17390112","https://openalex.org/W36865365","https://openalex.org/W100889298","https://openalex.org/W125598877","https://openalex.org/W175120007","https://openalex.org/W321648571","https://openalex.org/W1480909796","https://openalex.org/W1482581820","https://openalex.org/W1497256448","https://openalex.org/W1498432697","https://openalex.org/W1519405745","https://openalex.org/W1564262173","https://openalex.org/W1596717185","https://openalex.org/W1668140416","https://openalex.org/W1756881852","https://openalex.org/W1975720701","https://openalex.org/W1989831047","https://openalex.org/W2008896497","https://openalex.org/W2024060531","https://openalex.org/W2030694836","https://openalex.org/W2031378219","https://openalex.org/W2033242075","https://openalex.org/W2044286462","https://openalex.org/W2044683878","https://openalex.org/W2045656233","https://openalex.org/W2047094503","https://openalex.org/W2055873565","https://openalex.org/W2064817422","https://openalex.org/W2074145107","https://openalex.org/W2075184363","https://openalex.org/W2085516571","https://openalex.org/W2101926965","https://openalex.org/W2103671225","https://openalex.org/W2106072518","https://openalex.org/W2106424662","https://openalex.org/W2110207236","https://openalex.org/W2117087357","https://openalex.org/W2117668875","https://openalex.org/W2121519505","https://openalex.org/W2122410182","https://openalex.org/W2124738823","https://openalex.org/W2140514402","https://openalex.org/W2140786559","https://openalex.org/W2149713648","https://openalex.org/W2150443739","https://openalex.org/W2151558462","https://openalex.org/W2154245240","https://openalex.org/W2169239645","https://openalex.org/W2183485118","https://openalex.org/W2183570066","https://openalex.org/W2287325073","https://openalex.org/W2291721726","https://openalex.org/W2296491787","https://openalex.org/W2492835449","https://openalex.org/W2509972717","https://openalex.org/W2552953927","https://openalex.org/W2623293810","https://openalex.org/W2786598140","https://openalex.org/W3023540311","https://openalex.org/W3146425672","https://openalex.org/W3159068915","https://openalex.org/W4241778508","https://openalex.org/W4248681815","https://openalex.org/W4251663505","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W93577605","https://openalex.org/W2057769593","https://openalex.org/W4249135812","https://openalex.org/W2578463151","https://openalex.org/W4379142300","https://openalex.org/W1991803138","https://openalex.org/W4302330337","https://openalex.org/W2116089868","https://openalex.org/W337241763","https://openalex.org/W2433853642"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cyber-Physical":[0],"Systems":[1],"(CPS)":[2],"intrinsically":[3],"combine":[4],"hardware":[5],"and":[6,11,18,37,59,92,107,114,122,173,193,206,217,242,249,256],"physical":[7],"systems":[8],"with":[9,28,81,245],"software":[10],"network,":[12],"which":[13,228],"are":[14],"together":[15],"creating":[16],"complex":[17],"correlated":[19],"interactions.":[20],"CPS":[21,54,79,105,247],"applications":[22,55,80],"often":[23],"experience":[24],"uncertainty":[25,48,58,85,110,123,145,160,196,215],"in":[26,52,69,87,214],"interacting":[27],"environment":[29],"through":[30],"unreliable":[31],"sensors.":[32],"They":[33],"can":[34,147],"be":[35,155],"faulty":[36],"exhibit":[38],"runtime":[39],"errors":[40],"if":[41],"developers":[42],"have":[43],"not":[44],"considered":[45],"environmental":[46],"interaction":[47,57,89,109,159],"adequately.":[49],"Existing":[50],"work":[51],"verifying":[53,78],"ignores":[56],"thus":[60],"may":[61,154],"overlook":[62],"uncertainty-related":[63],"faults.":[64],"To":[65,178],"improve":[66,180],"verification":[67,150,185,241],"accuracy,":[68],"this":[70],"article":[71],"we":[72,187],"propose":[73,188],"a":[74,104,232],"novel":[75],"approach":[76,96,190],"to":[77,125,131,157,191,210,224,231],"explicit":[82],"modeling":[83],"of":[84,144,167,171,183,220],"arisen":[86],"the":[88,93,120,149,164,168,181,184,200,203,218,226,250],"between":[90,202],"them":[91],"environment.":[94],"Our":[95],"builds":[97],"an":[98,189],"Interactive":[99],"State":[100],"Machine":[101],"network":[102],"for":[103,136],"application":[106,121,140],"models":[108,124,222],"by":[111],"error":[112],"ranges":[113],"distributions.":[115],"Then":[116],"it":[117,153],"encodes":[118],"both":[119],"Satisfiability":[126],"Modulo":[127],"Theories":[128],"(SMT)":[129],"formula":[130],"leverage":[132],"SMT":[133],"solvers":[134],"searching":[135],"counterexamples":[137],"that":[138],"represent":[139],"failures.":[141],"The":[142],"precision":[143],"model":[146,158],"affect":[148],"results.":[151],"However,":[152],"difficult":[156],"precisely":[161],"enough":[162],"at":[163],"beginning,":[165],"because":[166],"uncontrollable":[169],"noise":[170],"sensors":[172],"insufficient":[174],"data":[175],"sample":[176],"size.":[177],"further":[179],"accuracy":[182],"results,":[186],"identifying":[192],"calibrating":[194],"imprecise":[195,221],"models.":[197],"We":[198,237],"exploit":[199],"inconsistency":[201],"counterexamples\u2019":[204],"estimate":[205],"actual":[207],"occurrence":[208],"probabilities":[209],"identify":[211],"possible":[212],"imprecision":[213],"models,":[216],"calibration":[219,243],"is":[223,229],"minimize":[225],"inconsistency,":[227],"reduced":[230],"Search-Based":[233],"Software":[234],"Engineering":[235],"problem.":[236],"experimentally":[238],"evaluated":[239],"our":[240],"approaches":[244],"real-world":[246],"applications,":[248],"experimental":[251],"results":[252],"confirmed":[253],"their":[254],"effectiveness":[255],"efficiency.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
