{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2732301027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3079628.3079686","title":"Enhancing Student Models in Game-based Learning with Facial Expression Recognition","display_name":"Enhancing Student Models in Game-based Learning with Facial Expression Recognition","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2732301027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3079628.3079686","mag":"2732301027"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3079628.3079686","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3079628.3079686","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 25th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078153822","display_name":"Robert G. Sawyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8155-2661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert Sawyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081760286","display_name":"Andy Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7886-6635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andy Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085880418","display_name":"Jonathan Rowe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2038-9239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Rowe","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019212451","display_name":"Roger Azevedo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5018-6232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roger Azevedo","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074470380","display_name":"James C. Lester","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1481-6601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Lester","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078153822"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6306,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97331127,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"192","last_page":"201"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.7649918794631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.6683487892150879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5979282259941101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-action-coding-system","display_name":"Facial Action Coding System","score":0.5317429900169373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.5045934915542603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-engagement","display_name":"Student engagement","score":0.48146381974220276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.43189817667007446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-based-learning","display_name":"Game based learning","score":0.41459235548973083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3516762852668762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3416648507118225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.29569506645202637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.279920756816864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.1216922402381897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.09894871711730957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7649918794631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.6683487892150879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5979282259941101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40346341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391629","display_name":"Facial Action Coding System","level":3,"score":0.5317429900169373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.5045934915542603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194519906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7627827","display_name":"Student engagement","level":2,"score":0.48146381974220276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.43189817667007446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982948194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140363","display_name":"Game based learning","level":2,"score":0.41459235548973083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3516762852668762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3416648507118225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.29569506645202637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.279920756816864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.1216922402381897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.09894871711730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3079628.3079686","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3079628.3079686","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 25th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310013","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337367","display_name":"Division of Materials Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01pc7k308"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W91153235","https://openalex.org/W100116554","https://openalex.org/W171812589","https://openalex.org/W320875191","https://openalex.org/W410845123","https://openalex.org/W956868432","https://openalex.org/W973843712","https://openalex.org/W1533193374","https://openalex.org/W1565016070","https://openalex.org/W1588539311","https://openalex.org/W1595126664","https://openalex.org/W1765030997","https://openalex.org/W1848799228","https://openalex.org/W1867691547","https://openalex.org/W1968600824","https://openalex.org/W1970264500","https://openalex.org/W1974219072","https://openalex.org/W1987626674","https://openalex.org/W2003759405","https://openalex.org/W2035938686","https://openalex.org/W2051339053","https://openalex.org/W2085267184","https://openalex.org/W2099460238","https://openalex.org/W2117645142","https://openalex.org/W2121475339","https://openalex.org/W2127076710","https://openalex.org/W2127260529","https://openalex.org/W2136757566","https://openalex.org/W2136934845","https://openalex.org/W2152933045","https://openalex.org/W2158820915","https://openalex.org/W2171618137","https://openalex.org/W2172071592","https://openalex.org/W2206575885","https://openalex.org/W2220588559","https://openalex.org/W2262544253","https://openalex.org/W2327969751","https://openalex.org/W2398473626","https://openalex.org/W2402955625","https://openalex.org/W2407869609","https://openalex.org/W2471216775","https://openalex.org/W2485075409","https://openalex.org/W2537978166","https://openalex.org/W2565116207","https://openalex.org/W2573635352","https://openalex.org/W2573966546","https://openalex.org/W2587278637","https://openalex.org/W2614883504","https://openalex.org/W2913958523","https://openalex.org/W3015277188","https://openalex.org/W4211232216"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012415311","https://openalex.org/W1998708415","https://openalex.org/W3169168314","https://openalex.org/W2627086084","https://openalex.org/W2130087906","https://openalex.org/W2023657742","https://openalex.org/W2953116087","https://openalex.org/W3153565281","https://openalex.org/W2049699482","https://openalex.org/W2081749143"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"years":[1],"have":[2],"seen":[3],"a":[4,20,76],"growing":[5],"recognition":[6],"of":[7,23,63,144],"the":[8,85,89,101,142],"role":[9],"that":[10,44,88,99,116,135],"affect":[11],"plays":[12],"in":[13],"learning.":[14,51],"Because":[15],"game-based":[16,31,50,77],"learning":[17,32,65,78,151],"environments":[18],"elicit":[19],"wide":[21],"range":[22],"student":[24,28,41,54,64,67,91,97,145,150,157],"affective":[25],"states,":[26],"affect-enhanced":[27,40,53,90],"modeling":[29,42,55],"for":[30,49,69,80,148,155],"holds":[33],"considerable":[34],"promise.":[35],"This":[36],"paper":[37],"introduces":[38],"an":[39],"framework":[43,56],"leverages":[45],"facial":[46,109,121,137],"expression":[47,110,138],"tracking":[48,139],"The":[52,112,132],"was":[57],"used":[58],"to":[59],"generate":[60],"predictive":[61,96],"models":[62,92,98,117],"and":[66,153],"engagement":[68],"students":[70],"who":[71],"interacted":[72],"with":[73],"CRYSTAL":[74],"ISLAND,":[75],"environment":[79],"microbiology":[81],"education.":[82],"Findings":[83],"from":[84],"study":[86,113],"reveal":[87],"significantly":[93],"outperform":[94],"baseline":[95],"utilize":[100],"same":[102],"gameplay":[103],"traces":[104],"but":[105],"do":[106],"not":[107],"use":[108],"tracking.":[111],"also":[114,154],"found":[115],"based":[118],"on":[119],"individual":[120],"action":[122],"coding":[123],"units":[124],"are":[125],"more":[126],"effective":[127],"than":[128],"composite":[129],"emotion":[130],"models.":[131],"findings":[133],"suggest":[134],"introducing":[136],"can":[140],"improve":[141],"accuracy":[143],"models,":[146],"both":[147],"predicting":[149,156],"gains":[152],"engagement.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
