{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2740692915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3077136.3080793","title":"Can Deep Effectiveness Metrics Be Evaluated Using Shallow Judgment Pools?","display_name":"Can Deep Effectiveness Metrics Be Evaluated Using Shallow Judgment Pools?","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2740692915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3077136.3080793","mag":"2740692915"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3077136.3080793","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3077136.3080793","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 40th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103166668","display_name":"Xiaolu Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2092-5460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolu Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081861848","display_name":"Alistair Moffat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6638-0232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alistair Moffat","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070937840","display_name":"J. Shane Culpepper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1902-9087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Shane Culpepper","raw_affiliation_strings":["RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103166668"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.517,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87379467,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"35","last_page":"44"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.7931274175643921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.7381665706634521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7235704660415649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.6065125465393066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5716498494148254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.5689998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.5279297828674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rank","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","score":0.4899512827396393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.46384623646736145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4589477777481079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-metric","display_name":"Performance metric","score":0.4483734369277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.44638559222221375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.432841420173645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38688063621520996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3836500942707062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1654922068119049}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.7931274175643921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.7381665706634521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7235704660415649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.6065125465393066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5716498494148254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.5689998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5279297828674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4899512827396393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.46384623646736145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4589477777481079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780898871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Performance metric","level":2,"score":0.4483734369277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.44638559222221375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.432841420173645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38688063621520996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3836500942707062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1654922068119049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3077136.3080793","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3077136.3080793","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 40th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.61RMIT_INST:11247208180001341","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1145/3077136.3080793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402074","display_name":"RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","host_organization_name":"RMIT University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/27399807","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/27399807","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1299264013","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DP170102231, DP140103256","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W605727707","https://openalex.org/W1066313621","https://openalex.org/W1519598746","https://openalex.org/W1968927634","https://openalex.org/W1986572161","https://openalex.org/W2001142465","https://openalex.org/W2008445237","https://openalex.org/W2009954908","https://openalex.org/W2037140704","https://openalex.org/W2038531350","https://openalex.org/W2053100920","https://openalex.org/W2059120814","https://openalex.org/W2061503648","https://openalex.org/W2068098598","https://openalex.org/W2075156494","https://openalex.org/W2075893676","https://openalex.org/W2081033951","https://openalex.org/W2102698119","https://openalex.org/W2109244020","https://openalex.org/W2113640060","https://openalex.org/W2114413252","https://openalex.org/W2115536324","https://openalex.org/W2137274315","https://openalex.org/W2141175968","https://openalex.org/W2152587828","https://openalex.org/W2160266360","https://openalex.org/W2342632098","https://openalex.org/W2469056188","https://openalex.org/W2531292379","https://openalex.org/W2537949445","https://openalex.org/W7043762925"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W2536018345","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W4285370786","https://openalex.org/W2238662148","https://openalex.org/W4387995274","https://openalex.org/W4390482521"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Increasing":[0],"test":[1],"collection":[2],"sizes":[3],"and":[4,61,112,209],"limited":[5,62],"judgment":[6,63],"budgets":[7],"create":[8],"measurement":[9],"challenges":[10,15],"for":[11,130,142,165],"IR":[12],"batch":[13],"evaluations,":[14],"that":[16,34,66,90,100],"are":[17,91,200,226],"greater":[18],"when":[19,25,57,188,221],"using":[20,26,58],"deep":[21,59],"effectiveness":[22],"metrics":[23,60],"than":[24],"shallow":[27],"metrics,":[28],"because":[29],"of":[30,45,52,81,116,122,146,155,170],"the":[31,43,50,76,79,98,119,143,152,168,211,217],"increased":[32],"likelihood":[33],"unjudged":[35],"documents":[36,158],"will":[37],"be":[38,173,186],"encountered.":[39],"Here":[40],"we":[41,199],"study":[42],"problem":[44],"metric":[46],"score":[47,68,183],"adjustment,":[48],"with":[49,109],"goal":[51],"accurately":[53],"estimating":[54],"system":[55,88,218],"performance":[56],"sets,":[64],"assuming":[65],"dynamic":[67],"adjustment":[69],"is":[70,95],"required":[71],"per":[72],"topic":[73],"due":[74],"to":[75,86,97,161,172,190,202,206],"variability":[77],"in":[78,159],"number":[80],"relevant":[82,147,157],"documents.":[83,148],"We":[84,149,228],"seek":[85],"induce":[87],"orderings":[89,99,219],"as":[92,94],"close":[93],"possible":[96],"would":[101],"arise":[102],"if":[103],"full":[104],"judgments":[105,225],"were":[106],"available.":[107,227],"Starting":[108],"depth-based":[110],"pooling,":[111],"no":[113],"prior":[114],"knowledge":[115],"sampling":[117,236],"probabilities,":[118],"first":[120],"phase":[121],"our":[123,177,204],"two-stage":[124],"process":[125],"computes":[126],"a":[127,163,196,234],"background":[128],"gain":[129],"each":[131],"document":[132],"based":[133],"on":[134],"rank-level":[135],"statistics.":[136],"The":[137],"second":[138],"stage":[139],"then":[140],"accounts":[141],"distributional":[144],"variance":[145],"also":[150,229],"exploit":[151],"frequency":[153],"statistics":[154],"pooled":[156],"order":[160],"determine":[162],"threshold":[164],"dynamically":[166],"determining":[167],"set":[169],"topics":[171],"adjusted.":[174],"Taken":[175],"together,":[176],"results":[178],"show":[179],"that:":[180],"(i)":[181],"better":[182],"estimates":[184],"can":[185],"achieved":[187,220],"compared":[189],"previous":[191],"work;":[192],"(ii)":[193],"by":[194,233],"setting":[195],"global":[197],"threshold,":[198],"able":[201],"adapt":[203],"methods":[205,214],"different":[207],"collections;":[208],"(iii)":[210],"proposed":[212],"estimation":[213],"reliably":[215],"approximate":[216],"many":[222],"more":[223],"relevance":[224],"consider":[230],"pools":[231],"generated":[232],"two-strata":[235],"approach.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}