{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2738137034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3072959.3073698","title":"Beyond points and beams","display_name":"Beyond points and beams","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-07-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2738137034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3072959.3073698","mag":"2738137034"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3072959.3073698","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3072959.3073698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079958610","display_name":"Benedikt Bitterli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8799-7119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166639","display_name":"Dartmouth Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02j3qj605","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166639"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107672454","display_name":"Dartmouth College","ror":"https://ror.org/049s0rh22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Benedikt Bitterli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dartmouth College"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dartmouth College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166639","https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009820805","display_name":"Wojciech Jarosz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1652-0954"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107672454","display_name":"Dartmouth College","ror":"https://ror.org/049s0rh22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166639","display_name":"Dartmouth Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02j3qj605","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166639"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wojciech Jarosz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dartmouth College"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dartmouth College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166639","https://openalex.org/I107672454"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079958610"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454","https://openalex.org/I4210166639"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.948,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91592761,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.7592411041259766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.5694332122802734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon","display_name":"Photon","score":0.5455576181411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.5252337455749512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.5055749416351318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47413063049316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.47181499004364014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/density-estimation","display_name":"Density estimation","score":0.46373477578163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/importance-sampling","display_name":"Importance sampling","score":0.42878878116607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.40525174140930176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.39360785484313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3063944876194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2916422188282013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2683916687965393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.22206386923789978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.18583622574806213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.17660433053970337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.1539190411567688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.08148041367530823}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.7592411041259766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5694332122802734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.5455576181411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5252337455749512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.5055749416351318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47413063049316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.47181499004364014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189508267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17088227","display_name":"Density estimation","level":3,"score":0.46373477578163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52740198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1539564","display_name":"Importance sampling","level":3,"score":0.42878878116607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40525174140930176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39360785484313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3063944876194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2916422188282013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2683916687965393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.22206386923789978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.18583622574806213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.17660433053970337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.1539190411567688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.08148041367530823}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3072959.3073698","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3072959.3073698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3951435347","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1205521","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W169528299","https://openalex.org/W190660021","https://openalex.org/W1500474145","https://openalex.org/W1531567522","https://openalex.org/W1535548534","https://openalex.org/W1535835519","https://openalex.org/W1552813311","https://openalex.org/W1559769428","https://openalex.org/W1564557124","https://openalex.org/W1564611446","https://openalex.org/W1602773783","https://openalex.org/W1797096580","https://openalex.org/W1965116247","https://openalex.org/W1984786105","https://openalex.org/W1986743298","https://openalex.org/W1993594485","https://openalex.org/W1993906043","https://openalex.org/W1994791189","https://openalex.org/W2008693968","https://openalex.org/W2008870867","https://openalex.org/W2010589269","https://openalex.org/W2013425019","https://openalex.org/W2016420623","https://openalex.org/W2016870159","https://openalex.org/W2026042557","https://openalex.org/W2026852084","https://openalex.org/W2027979483","https://openalex.org/W2040093013","https://openalex.org/W2052387360","https://openalex.org/W2056303279","https://openalex.org/W2059734713","https://openalex.org/W2060582119","https://openalex.org/W2062461642","https://openalex.org/W2077081808","https://openalex.org/W2090346540","https://openalex.org/W2094199382","https://openalex.org/W2099466581","https://openalex.org/W2113034775","https://openalex.org/W2124701529","https://openalex.org/W2131413095","https://openalex.org/W2138624212","https://openalex.org/W2142327292","https://openalex.org/W2142380402","https://openalex.org/W2168471197","https://openalex.org/W2170641994","https://openalex.org/W2170961588","https://openalex.org/W2229191876","https://openalex.org/W2418844298","https://openalex.org/W2596964193","https://openalex.org/W3011065856","https://openalex.org/W3135227555","https://openalex.org/W3138161122","https://openalex.org/W4236860973","https://openalex.org/W4243655835","https://openalex.org/W4245483581","https://openalex.org/W4245933748","https://openalex.org/W4252171682","https://openalex.org/W6657438272","https://openalex.org/W6674287307"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4296209631","https://openalex.org/W4287880334","https://openalex.org/W4366700029","https://openalex.org/W2561617217","https://openalex.org/W4285230481","https://openalex.org/W4385769873","https://openalex.org/W2015759683","https://openalex.org/W2025898485","https://openalex.org/W4283771152","https://openalex.org/W2142518521"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,108,166],"develop":[1],"a":[2,19,110,196],"theory":[3,78,177],"of":[4,22,64,127,144,162,170,172,198],"volumetric":[5,163,192],"density":[6,38,50,149],"estimation":[7,39,51],"which":[8,114],"generalizes":[9],"prior":[10],"photon":[11,30,35,96,99,164,193],"point":[12,41],"(0D)":[13],"and":[14,48,106,182,185],"beam":[15],"(1D)":[16,58],"approaches":[17,59],"to":[18,81,90,153],"broader":[20],"class":[21],"estimators":[23,175],"using":[24],"\"":[25],"n":[26,128],"D\"":[27],"samples":[28,93,130],"along":[29,69],"and/or":[31,73],"camera":[32,72,103],"subpaths.":[33],"Volumetric":[34],"mapping":[36,194],"performs":[37],"by":[40,195],"sampling":[42,67,85],"propagation":[43,83],"distances":[44],"within":[45],"the":[46,53,61,70,141,145,156,173],"medium":[47],"performing":[49],"over":[52],"generated":[54],"points":[55],"(0D).":[56],"Beam-based":[57],"consider":[60],"expected":[62],"value":[63],"this":[65],"distance":[66,84],"process":[68],"last":[71],"light":[74],"subpath":[75],"segments.":[76],"Our":[77],"shows":[79],"how":[80],"replace":[82],"steps":[86],"across":[87],"multiple":[88],"bounces":[89],"form":[91],"higher-dimensional":[92],"such":[94],"as":[95],"planes":[97],"(2D),":[98],"volumes":[100],"(3D),":[101],"their":[102],"path":[104],"equivalents,":[105],"beyond.":[107],"perform":[109],"theoretical":[111],"error":[112],"analysis":[113],"reveals":[115],"that":[116,187],"in":[117],"scenarios":[118],"where":[119],"beams":[120],"already":[121],"outperform":[122,189],"points,":[123],"each":[124,136],"additional":[125,137],"dimension":[126,139],"D":[129],"compounds":[131],"these":[132],"benefits":[133],"further.":[134],"Moreover,":[135],"sample":[138],"reduces":[140],"required":[142],"dimensionality":[143],"blurring":[146],"needed":[147],"for":[148,155],"estimation,":[150],"allowing":[151],"us":[152],"formulate,":[154],"first":[157],"time,":[158],"fully":[159],"unbiased":[160,183],"forms":[161],"mapping.":[165],"demonstrate":[167],"practical":[168],"implementations":[169],"several":[171],"new":[174],"our":[176],"predicts,":[178],"including":[179],"both":[180],"biased":[181],"variants,":[184],"show":[186],"they":[188],"state-of-the-art":[190],"beam-based":[191],"factor":[197],"2.4--40\u00d7.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
