{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2724228633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3071178.3071303","title":"Multi-task learning in Atari video games with emergent tangled program graphs","display_name":"Multi-task learning in Atari video games with emergent tangled program graphs","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2724228633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3071178.3071303","mag":"2724228633"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3071178.3071303","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3071178.3071303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608932","display_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101949050","display_name":"Stephen Kelly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6071-4705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","display_name":"Dalhousie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6qks80","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Kelly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003699164","display_name":"Malcolm I. Heywood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1521-0671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","display_name":"Dalhousie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6qks80","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malcolm I. Heywood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101949050"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9729,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91118957,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"195","last_page":"202"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7947215437889099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observability","display_name":"Observability","score":0.6367544531822205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6276345252990723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-game","display_name":"Video game","score":0.6187084317207336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5397565960884094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5386263132095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.448102205991745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.4214981198310852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.40656882524490356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3230392336845398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.24134042859077454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.09113731980323792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7947215437889099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36299963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369844","display_name":"Observability","level":2,"score":0.6367544531822205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6276345252990723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018412434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7889","display_name":"Video game","level":2,"score":0.6187084317207336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5397565960884094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5386263132095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.448102205991745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4214981198310852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.40656882524490356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3230392336845398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.24134042859077454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09113731980323792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3071178.3071303","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3071178.3071303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608932","display_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506853907","https://openalex.org/W1891427008","https://openalex.org/W1985849007","https://openalex.org/W1990320219","https://openalex.org/W2052885930","https://openalex.org/W2082953382","https://openalex.org/W2097381042","https://openalex.org/W2098879935","https://openalex.org/W2099397840","https://openalex.org/W2100506021","https://openalex.org/W2100844966","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2150468603","https://openalex.org/W2151162056","https://openalex.org/W2163467402","https://openalex.org/W2253367123","https://openalex.org/W2272482229","https://openalex.org/W2475726324","https://openalex.org/W2569196563","https://openalex.org/W2591794136","https://openalex.org/W2604908377","https://openalex.org/W2802125196","https://openalex.org/W2962858248","https://openalex.org/W3103780890","https://openalex.org/W4285647942"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2046459260","https://openalex.org/W2765830098","https://openalex.org/W2967463586","https://openalex.org/W2074679142","https://openalex.org/W1971989957","https://openalex.org/W2517338020","https://openalex.org/W3157641275","https://openalex.org/W4312300846","https://openalex.org/W2104042711","https://openalex.org/W4206221578"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Atari":[1],"2600":[2],"video":[3],"game":[4,44,72,88,115,122],"console":[5],"provides":[6],"an":[7,120],"environment":[8],"for":[9,18,33,70,119,149,152],"investigating":[10],"the":[11,68,104,135,140,160,168,188],"ability":[12],"to":[13,58,99,113],"build":[14],"artificial":[15],"agent":[16,80,117],"behaviours":[17,81,118],"a":[19,24,28,42,53,60,153,185],"variety":[20],"of":[21,50,129,163,177,187],"games":[22,132],"using":[23],"common":[25,61],"interface.":[26],"Such":[27],"task":[29],"has":[30,56],"received":[31],"attention":[32],"addressing":[34],"issues":[35],"such":[36],"as:":[37],"1)":[38],"operation":[39,183],"directly":[40],"from":[41,103,134,165],"high-dimensional":[43],"screen;":[45],"and":[46],"2)":[47],"partial":[48],"observability":[49],"state.":[51],"However,":[52],"general":[54],"theme":[55],"been":[57],"assume":[59],"machine":[62],"learning":[63],"algorithm,":[64],"but":[65],"completely":[66],"retrain":[67],"model":[69],"each":[71],"title.":[73,155],"Success":[74],"in":[75,110,181],"this":[76],"respect":[77],"implies":[78],"that":[79,109,147],"can":[82],"be":[83],"identified":[84],"without":[85],"hand":[86],"crafting":[87],"specific":[89],"attributes/actions.":[90],"This":[91],"work":[92],"advances":[93],"current":[94],"state-of-the-art":[95],"by":[96],"evolving":[97,111],"solutions":[98,112,151,171],"play":[100],"multiple":[101,114],"titles":[102],"same":[105,136],"run.":[106,138],"We":[107],"demonstrate":[108],"titles,":[116],"individual":[121],"as":[123,125],"well":[124],"single":[126,154],"agents":[127],"capable":[128],"playing":[130],"all":[131],"emerge":[133],"evolutionary":[137],"Moreover,":[139],"computational":[141],"cost":[142],"is":[143],"no":[144],"more":[145],"than":[146],"used":[148],"building":[150],"Finally,":[156],"while":[157],"generally":[158],"matching":[159],"skill":[161],"level":[162],"controllers":[164],"neuro-evolution/deep":[166],"learning,":[167],"genetic":[169],"programming":[170],"evolved":[172],"here":[173],"are":[174],"several":[175],"orders":[176],"magnitude":[178],"simpler,":[179],"resulting":[180],"real-time":[182],"at":[184],"fraction":[186],"cost.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}