{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2724620800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3071178.3071244","title":"Handling practicalities in agricultural policy optimization for water quality improvements","display_name":"Handling practicalities in agricultural policy optimization for water quality improvements","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2724620800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3071178.3071244","mag":"2724620800"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3071178.3071244","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3071178.3071244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608932","display_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005784932","display_name":"Brad Barnhart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1328-2601"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brad Barnhart","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. EPA ORD NHEERL WED"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. EPA ORD NHEERL WED","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027687139","display_name":"Zhichao Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4618-3573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhichao Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034461047","display_name":"Moriah Bostian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6471-7292"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74201987","display_name":"Lewis & Clark College","ror":"https://ror.org/013pz1582","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74201987"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moriah Bostian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lewis & Clark College"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lewis & Clark College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74201987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018720209","display_name":"Ankur Sinha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0464-6736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150870154","display_name":"Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad","ror":"https://ror.org/02egcpy68","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150870154"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ankur Sinha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150870154"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088394271","display_name":"Kalyanmoy Deb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7402-9939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kalyanmoy Deb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Luba Kurkalova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35777872","display_name":"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02aze4h65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luba Kurkalova","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina A&T"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina A&T","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101653369","display_name":"Manoj K. Jha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1156-2992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35777872","display_name":"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02aze4h65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manoj Jha","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina A&T"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina A&T","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35777872"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059086003","display_name":"Gerald Whittaker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerald Whittaker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005784932"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9941,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84022039,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1065","last_page":"1072"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10969","display_name":"Water resources management and optimization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10969","display_name":"Water resources management and optimization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11404","display_name":"Irrigation Practices and Water Management","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilevel-optimization","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","score":0.8502669334411621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.6809819936752319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.5798154473304749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watershed","display_name":"Watershed","score":0.5521421432495117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture","display_name":"Agriculture","score":0.5216805934906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5203837156295776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity","display_name":"Productivity","score":0.4743458330631256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.409903883934021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.3756861090660095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3468886613845825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3214038610458374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.24011346697807312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1650831401348114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14787814021110535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.12721198797225952}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3309286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4907693","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","level":3,"score":0.8502669334411621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.6809819936752319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.5798154473304749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150547873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947851","display_name":"Watershed","level":2,"score":0.5521421432495117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.5216805934906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5203837156295776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.4743458330631256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.409903883934021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.3756861090660095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3468886613845825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3214038610458374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.24011346697807312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1650831401348114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14787814021110535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.12721198797225952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3071178.3071244","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3071178.3071244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608932","display_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306107","display_name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03tns0030"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W195322165","https://openalex.org/W631421241","https://openalex.org/W811381886","https://openalex.org/W1483357708","https://openalex.org/W1549238406","https://openalex.org/W1583359114","https://openalex.org/W1598286983","https://openalex.org/W1896002988","https://openalex.org/W1937286944","https://openalex.org/W1964765773","https://openalex.org/W1975751818","https://openalex.org/W1976452842","https://openalex.org/W1977398984","https://openalex.org/W1977649329","https://openalex.org/W1979380639","https://openalex.org/W1983724666","https://openalex.org/W1990864994","https://openalex.org/W1994436307","https://openalex.org/W1995699749","https://openalex.org/W2013365934","https://openalex.org/W2014457744","https://openalex.org/W2016379082","https://openalex.org/W2021885046","https://openalex.org/W2031264011","https://openalex.org/W2035317043","https://openalex.org/W2035893651","https://openalex.org/W2037399590","https://openalex.org/W2042943043","https://openalex.org/W2046542460","https://openalex.org/W2049587743","https://openalex.org/W2056468324","https://openalex.org/W2060743072","https://openalex.org/W2068965009","https://openalex.org/W2071707442","https://openalex.org/W2078101422","https://openalex.org/W2083890660","https://openalex.org/W2084575232","https://openalex.org/W2084970744","https://openalex.org/W2096126893","https://openalex.org/W2099746148","https://openalex.org/W2106334424","https://openalex.org/W2107954829","https://openalex.org/W2109042184","https://openalex.org/W2110282903","https://openalex.org/W2111240209","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2128989670","https://openalex.org/W2149380131","https://openalex.org/W2168353587","https://openalex.org/W2282262396","https://openalex.org/W2329255878","https://openalex.org/W2521809336","https://openalex.org/W2558645170","https://openalex.org/W3150462322"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2890257643","https://openalex.org/W1495503294","https://openalex.org/W2161149697","https://openalex.org/W3090200643","https://openalex.org/W2340378315","https://openalex.org/W255338418","https://openalex.org/W2013038594","https://openalex.org/W1604175135","https://openalex.org/W2602322400","https://openalex.org/W3149055374"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bilevel":[0],"and":[1,22,48,51,57,62,86,148,151,164],"multi-objective":[2,76],"optimization":[3,44,77,143,162],"methods":[4],"are":[5],"often":[6],"useful":[7],"to":[8,104,125],"spatially":[9],"target":[10],"agri-environmental":[11,105],"policy":[12,46,49,84,106,110,122],"throughout":[13],"a":[14,26,31,74,119],"watershed.":[15],"This":[16],"type":[17],"of":[18,25,28,34,43,82,98,118],"problem":[19,58,78],"is":[20,23,155],"complex":[21],"comprised":[24],"number":[27,33],"practicalities:":[29],"(i)":[30],"large":[32],"decision":[35,55],"variables,":[36],"(ii)":[37],"at":[38],"least":[39],"two":[40],"inter-dependent":[41],"levels":[42],"between":[45],"makers":[47,85],"followers,":[50],"(iii)":[52],"uncertainty":[53],"in":[54,69,102],"variables":[56],"parameters.":[59],"Given":[60],"agricultural":[61],"economic":[63],"data":[64],"from":[65],"the":[66,95,115,160,165],"Raccoon":[67],"watershed":[68],"central":[70],"Iowa,":[71],"we":[72],"formulate":[73],"bilevel":[75,161],"that":[79,153],"accommodates":[80],"objectives":[81],"both":[83],"farmers.":[87],"The":[88],"solution":[89],"procedure":[90],"then":[91],"explicitly":[92],"accounts":[93],"for":[94,158],"nested":[96],"nature":[97],"farm-level":[99,127],"management":[100],"decisions":[101],"response":[103],"incentives":[107],"constructed":[108],"by":[109],"makers.":[111],"We":[112,138],"specifically":[113],"examine":[114],"spatial":[116],"targeting":[117],"fertilizer-reduction":[120],"incentive":[121],"while":[123,129],"seeking":[124],"maximize":[126],"productivity":[128],"generating":[130],"mandated":[131],"water":[132],"quality":[133],"improvements":[134],"using":[135],"this":[136],"framework.":[137],"test":[139],"three":[140],"different":[141],"evolutionary":[142],"algorithms":[144],"-":[145,150],"m-BLEAQ,":[146],"NSGA-II,":[147],"SPEA2":[149],"show":[152],"m-BLEAQ":[154],"well":[156],"suited":[157],"handling":[159],"problems":[163],"considered":[166],"practicalities.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}