{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2616325639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3060403.3060492","title":"What to Lock?","display_name":"What to Lock?","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-05-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2616325639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3060403.3060492","mag":"2616325639"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3060403.3060492","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3060403.3060492","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI 2017","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034926702","display_name":"Muhammad Yasin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9475-2796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Yasin","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101970784","display_name":"Abhrajit Sengupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5491-6714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhrajit Sengupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064356970","display_name":"Benjamin Carri\u00f3n Sch\u00e4fer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4755-6503"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Carrion Schafer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078818440","display_name":"Yiorgos Makris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4322-0068"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiorgos Makris","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059987567","display_name":"Ozgur Sinanoglu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0782-0397"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ozgur Sinanoglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, Uae"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, Uae","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059126377","display_name":"Jeyavijayan Rajendran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3687-3746"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeyavijayan (JV) Rajendran","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":93,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"351","last_page":"356"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9793999791145325,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.7615174055099487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7421982288360596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lock","display_name":"Lock (firearm)","score":0.634662926197052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skew","display_name":"Skew","score":0.5510807037353516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parametric-statistics","display_name":"Parametric statistics","score":0.4556482434272766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4536213278770447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.42285093665122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3993542790412903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.34822946786880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.327424019575119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.325020968914032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.21009474992752075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1517522931098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11286309361457825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.7615174055099487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7421982288360596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174839445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134386","display_name":"Lock (firearm)","level":2,"score":0.634662926197052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43711488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534783","display_name":"Skew","level":2,"score":0.5510807037353516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.4556482434272766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4536213278770447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.42285093665122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3993542790412903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.34822946786880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.327424019575119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.325020968914032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.21009474992752075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1517522931098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11286309361457825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3060403.3060492","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3060403.3060492","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI 2017","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482046022","https://openalex.org/W1524250393","https://openalex.org/W1567363020","https://openalex.org/W2008819052","https://openalex.org/W2064541558","https://openalex.org/W2067276029","https://openalex.org/W2095410905","https://openalex.org/W2120000030","https://openalex.org/W2124954128","https://openalex.org/W2135211381","https://openalex.org/W2153622528","https://openalex.org/W2157661732","https://openalex.org/W2343475170","https://openalex.org/W2419784917","https://openalex.org/W2493328864","https://openalex.org/W2499445168","https://openalex.org/W2587958472","https://openalex.org/W2949969288","https://openalex.org/W6717490402","https://openalex.org/W6724703443","https://openalex.org/W6733632429"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4290802965","https://openalex.org/W97789383","https://openalex.org/W3087516072","https://openalex.org/W4289406402","https://openalex.org/W2727156679","https://openalex.org/W2067997904","https://openalex.org/W2364071303","https://openalex.org/W1483053255","https://openalex.org/W2896097814","https://openalex.org/W269711013"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Logic":[0],"locking":[1,26,32,74],"is":[2,37,104,112,119],"an":[3,179],"intellectual":[4],"property":[5],"(IP)":[6],"protection":[7],"technique":[8],"that":[9,77,107,127],"prevents":[10],"IP":[11],"piracy,":[12],"reverse":[13],"engineering":[14],"and":[15,57,71,80,145,178,189],"overbuilding":[16],"attacks":[17,132],"by":[18],"the":[19,33,35,40,98,116,128,142,160,173],"untrusted":[20],"foundry":[21],"or":[22],"end-users.":[23],"Existing":[24,46],"logic":[25,73,102],"techniques":[27,47],"are":[28,48],"all":[29,83],"based":[30],"on":[31,134],"functionality;":[34],"design/chip":[36,161],"nonfunctional":[38],"unless":[39],"secret":[41,95,174],"key":[42,118,175,181],"has":[43],"been":[44],"loaded.":[45],"vulnerable":[49],"to":[50],"various":[51],"attacks,":[52,85],"such":[53,86],"as":[54,87,163],"sensitization,":[55,89],"key-pruning,":[56],"signal":[58],"skew":[59],"analysis":[60],"enabled":[61],"removal":[62],"attacks.":[63],"In":[64,151],"this":[65,110,152],"paper,":[66,153],"we":[67,154],"propose":[68],"a":[69,94,101],"tenacious":[70],"traceless":[72],"technique,":[75],"TTlock,":[76],"locks":[78],"functionality":[79],"provably":[81],"withstands":[82],"known":[84],"SAT-based,":[88],"removal,":[90],"etc.":[91],"TTLock":[92,135],"protects":[93],"input":[96],"pattern;":[97],"output":[99],"of":[100,131],"cone":[103],"flipped":[105],"for":[106],"pattern,":[108],"where":[109,159],"flip":[111],"restored":[113],"only":[114,149,171],"when":[115],"correct":[117],"applied.":[120],"Experimental":[121],"results":[122],"confirm":[123],"our":[124],"theoretical":[125],"expectations":[126],"computational":[129],"complexity":[130],"launched":[133],"grows":[136],"exponentially":[137],"with":[138,172],"increasing":[139],"key-size,":[140],"while":[141],"area,":[143],"power,":[144,168],"delay":[146],"overhead":[147],"increases":[148],"linearly.":[150],"also":[155],"coin":[156],"``parametric":[157],"locking,\"":[158],"behaves":[162],"per":[164],"its":[165,183],"specifications":[166],"(performance,":[167],"reliability,":[169],"etc.)":[170],"in":[176,191],"place,":[177],"incorrect":[180],"downgrades":[182],"parametric":[184,192],"characteristics.":[185],"We":[186],"discuss":[187],"objectives":[188],"challenges":[190],"locking.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2017-05-26T00:00:00"}