{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2730363704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3056563","title":"Graph-Based Fraud Detection in the Face of Camouflage","display_name":"Graph-Based Fraud Detection in the Face of Camouflage","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-06-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2730363704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3056563","mag":"2730363704"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3056563","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3056563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41523882","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","issn_l":"1556-4681","issn":["1556-4681","1556-472X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065675832","display_name":"Bryan Hooi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5645-1754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bryan Hooi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028609723","display_name":"Kijung Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2872-1526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kijung Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102944048","display_name":"Hyun Ah Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6337-9036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyun Ah Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080988309","display_name":"Alex Beutel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5917-2849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Beutel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101799872","display_name":"Neil Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3261-8430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neil Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035605036","display_name":"Christos Faloutsos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2996-9790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos Faloutsos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065675832"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.1936,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":81,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98902578,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9764999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/camouflage","display_name":"Camouflage","score":0.9835327863693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.795085072517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bipartite-graph","display_name":"Bipartite graph","score":0.6645392179489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5728740096092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4989593029022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.45409128069877625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4410463571548462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3704780340194702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.35488206148147583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.27438801527023315}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776196576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196113","display_name":"Camouflage","level":2,"score":0.9835327863693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.795085072517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197657726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174733","display_name":"Bipartite graph","level":3,"score":0.6645392179489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5728740096092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4989593029022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.45409128069877625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4410463571548462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3704780340194702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.35488206148147583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.27438801527023315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3056563","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3056563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41523882","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","issn_l":"1556-4681","issn":["1556-4681","1556-472X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8203319067","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1314632, DGE-1252522 and IIS-1408924","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W35907490","https://openalex.org/W63790640","https://openalex.org/W81017276","https://openalex.org/W117791341","https://openalex.org/W189202421","https://openalex.org/W1535144194","https://openalex.org/W1560607100","https://openalex.org/W1585799956","https://openalex.org/W1587819022","https://openalex.org/W1607035479","https://openalex.org/W1680189815","https://openalex.org/W1736726159","https://openalex.org/W1845137714","https://openalex.org/W1929856717","https://openalex.org/W1933130724","https://openalex.org/W1986678144","https://openalex.org/W1989279326","https://openalex.org/W2000855935","https://openalex.org/W2005556331","https://openalex.org/W2011863672","https://openalex.org/W2019207508","https://openalex.org/W2047756776","https://openalex.org/W2061873838","https://openalex.org/W2070375326","https://openalex.org/W2091692346","https://openalex.org/W2101196063","https://openalex.org/W2101447063","https://openalex.org/W2101890615","https://openalex.org/W2112429379","https://openalex.org/W2124120603","https://openalex.org/W2133591726","https://openalex.org/W2134695286","https://openalex.org/W2138621811","https://openalex.org/W2142517301","https://openalex.org/W2142651607","https://openalex.org/W2148123869","https://openalex.org/W2150941206","https://openalex.org/W2158600392","https://openalex.org/W2159034832","https://openalex.org/W2164727176","https://openalex.org/W2167564468","https://openalex.org/W2168508162","https://openalex.org/W2248736178","https://openalex.org/W2266714125","https://openalex.org/W2282288858","https://openalex.org/W2913264117","https://openalex.org/W2914982603","https://openalex.org/W2915063781","https://openalex.org/W2949957935","https://openalex.org/W3102908759","https://openalex.org/W3118655244","https://openalex.org/W3169161996"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2978048274","https://openalex.org/W2348329006","https://openalex.org/W2379031960","https://openalex.org/W2376458710","https://openalex.org/W2231217681","https://openalex.org/W2914759737","https://openalex.org/W2984158411","https://openalex.org/W4253283976","https://openalex.org/W4231347762","https://openalex.org/W374553806"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Given":[0],"a":[1,149,160,171],"bipartite":[2],"graph":[3,152],"of":[4,35,92,114,137,153,162,169],"users":[5],"and":[6,14,76,116,141],"the":[7,42,78,90,112,132],"products":[8],"that":[9,37,62,102,129,176],"they":[10,63,177],"review,":[11],"or":[12,22,56,94],"followers":[13],"followees,":[15],"how":[16],"can":[17,46],"we":[18],"detect":[19],"fake":[20],"reviews":[21,55],"follows?":[23],"Existing":[24],"fraud":[25],"detection":[26],"methods":[27,49],"(spectral,":[28],"etc.)":[29],"try":[30],"to":[31,41,86],"identify":[32],"dense":[33],"subgraphs":[34],"nodes":[36],"are":[38],"sparsely":[39],"connected":[40],"remaining":[43],"graph.":[44],"Fraudsters":[45],"evade":[47],"these":[48],"using":[50],"camouflage":[51,79,93,105],",":[52],"by":[53],"adding":[54],"follows":[57],"with":[58,148],"honest":[59,74],"targets":[60],"so":[61],"look":[64],"\u201cnormal.\u201d":[65],"Even":[66],"worse,":[67],"some":[68],"fraudsters":[69,88],"use":[70],"hijacked":[71,95],"accounts":[72],"from":[73],"users,":[75],"then":[77],"is":[80,85,104,118],"indeed":[81],"organic.":[82],"Our":[83],"focus":[84],"spot":[87],"in":[89,120,135,145],"presence":[91],"accounts.":[96],"We":[97],"propose":[98],"FRAUDAR,":[99],"an":[100],"algorithm":[101],"(a)":[103],"resistant,":[106],"(b)":[107],"provides":[108],"upper":[109],"bounds":[110],"on":[111],"effectiveness":[113],"fraudsters,":[115],"(c)":[117],"effective":[119],"real-world":[121,146],"data.":[122],"Experimental":[123],"results":[124],"under":[125],"various":[126],"attacks":[127],"show":[128],"FRAUDAR":[130,157],"outperforms":[131],"top":[133],"competitor":[134],"accuracy":[136],"detecting":[138],"both":[139],"camouflaged":[140],"non-camouflaged":[142],"fraud.":[143],"Additionally,":[144],"experiments":[147],"Twitter":[150],"follower--followee":[151],"1.47":[154],"billion":[155],"edges,":[156],"successfully":[158],"detected":[159,167],"subgraph":[161],"more":[163],"than":[164],"4,":[165],"000":[166],"accounts,":[168],"which":[170],"majority":[172],"had":[173],"tweets":[174],"showing":[175],"used":[178],"follower-buying":[179],"services.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-01T17:29:45.350535","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}