{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2602117397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3052973.3053885","title":"Hardware Trojans and Other Threats against Embedded Systems","display_name":"Hardware Trojans and Other Threats against Embedded Systems","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2602117397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3052973.3053885","mag":"2602117397"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3052973.3053885","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3052973.3053885","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3053885&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3053885&type=pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041748332","display_name":"Christof Paar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8681-2277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christof Paar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ruhr Universitat Bochum &amp; University of Massachusetts - Amherst, Bochum, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ruhr Universitat Bochum &amp; University of Massachusetts - Amherst, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500","https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041748332"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500","https://openalex.org/I904495901"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3803,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47102095,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.6153442859649658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trojan","display_name":"Trojan","score":0.5826846957206726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5504537224769592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronics","display_name":"Electronics","score":0.5345005393028259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5263363718986511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-specific-integrated-circuit","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","score":0.5222878456115723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-trojan","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","score":0.4725116193294525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-security-module","display_name":"Hardware security module","score":0.45012757182121277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.36945438385009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.32695502042770386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.28925031423568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.20975804328918457}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.6153442859649658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174333608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19635","display_name":"Trojan","level":2,"score":0.5826846957206726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5504537224769592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138331895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650","display_name":"Electronics","level":2,"score":0.5345005393028259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5263363718986511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77390884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217302","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.5222878456115723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780873074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656397","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","level":3,"score":0.4725116193294525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.45012757182121277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.36945438385009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.32695502042770386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28925031423568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.20975804328918457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3052973.3053885","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3052973.3053885","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3053885&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3052973.3053885","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3052973.3053885","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3053885&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6800000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G108936413","display_name":"TWC: Small: New Directions in Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) Security","funder_award_id":"1318497","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1815470512","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"695022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","funder_display_name":"European Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G272141794","display_name":"TWC: TTP Option: Small: Investigating Stealthy Hardware Trojans","funder_award_id":"1421352","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","display_name":"European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2602117397.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2602117397.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W76123274","https://openalex.org/W2570260769"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385434494","https://openalex.org/W3159333627","https://openalex.org/W3004467197","https://openalex.org/W2104671161","https://openalex.org/W4318003314","https://openalex.org/W2148357146","https://openalex.org/W2120912790","https://openalex.org/W2809590703","https://openalex.org/W4248805755","https://openalex.org/W2782017703"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Countless":[0],"systems":[1,21],"ranging":[2],"from":[3,349],"consumer":[4,113],"electronics":[5,114],"to":[6,266,272,286,294,298,322,384,444],"military":[7],"equipment":[8],"are":[9,22,41,382],"dependent":[10],"on":[11,307,431],"integrated":[12],"circuits":[13,297],"(ICs).":[14],"A":[15],"surprisingly":[16],"large":[17],"number":[18,237],"of":[19,49,65,95,191,219,223,232,249,254,269,318,392,425,438],"such":[20,39,110],"already":[23],"security-":[24],"critical,":[25],"e.g.,":[26,394],"automotive":[27],"electronics,":[28],"medical":[29],"devices,":[30],"or":[31,147],"SCADA":[32],"systems.":[33],"If":[34],"the":[35,47,50,63,66,72,83,93,150,162,185,216,229,241,252,255,259,263,273,278,281,299,302,363,371,376,386,396,399,403,413,446],"underlying":[36],"ICs":[37],"in":[38,118,130,149,240],"applications":[40,171],"maliciously":[42],"manipulated":[43],"through":[44],"hardware":[45,59,87,139,174],"Trojans,":[46],"security":[48],"entire":[51],"system":[52],"can":[53,210,261,345],"be":[54,117,211],"compromised.":[55],"In":[56,435],"recent":[57],"years,":[58],"Trojans":[60,88,140,180,209,319],"have":[61,141],"drawn":[62],"attention":[64],"scientific":[67],"community":[68],"and":[69,125,160,184,314,330,374,416],"government.":[70],"Initially,":[71],"primary":[73],"attacker":[74,100,260],"model":[75],"was":[76,419],"a":[77,96,106,112,121,131,145,188,207,224,336,390,409,423],"malicious":[78],"foundry":[79],"that":[80,133,395],"could":[81,90,126],"alter":[82,127],"design,":[84],"i.e.,":[85],"introduce":[86],"which":[89],"interfere":[91],"with":[92,120,402],"functionality":[94],"chip.":[97],"Many":[98],"other":[99,186],"models":[101],"exist":[102],"too.":[103],"For":[104,257],"instance,":[105],"legitimate":[107,306],"IC":[108],"manufacturer,":[109],"as":[111],"company,":[115],"might":[116,158],"cohort":[119],"national":[122],"intelligence":[123],"agency":[124],"its":[128],"products":[129],"way":[132],"compromises":[134],"their":[135],"security.":[136],"Even":[137],"though":[138],"been":[142],"studied":[143],"for":[144,165,172,199],"decade":[146],"so":[148],"literature,":[151],"little":[152],"is":[153,187,247,283,320,398],"known":[154],"about":[155,412],"how":[156,206,342],"they":[157],"look,":[159],"what":[161],"\"use":[163,338],"cases\"":[164],"them":[166],"is.":[167],"We":[168],"describe":[169],"two":[170],"low-level":[173],"manipulations.":[175],"One":[176],"introduces":[177],"an":[178,197,200,343,350],"ASIC":[179],"by":[181,213,365,388,421],"sub-transistor":[182],"changes,":[183],"novel":[189],"type":[190],"fault-injection":[192],"attacks":[193],"against":[194,332],"FPGAs.":[195,434],"As":[196,335],"example":[198],"extremely":[201],"stealthy":[202],"manipulations,":[203],"we":[204,340,441],"show":[205,341],"dangerous":[208],"introduced":[212],"merely":[214],"changing":[215,366],"dopant":[217],"polarity":[218],"selected":[220],"existing":[221],"transistors":[222],"design.":[225,353],"The":[226,245,354,380,405],"Trojan":[227,282],"manipulates":[228,362],"digital":[230],"post-processing":[231],"Intel's":[233],"cryptographically":[234],"secure":[235],"random":[236,367],"generator":[238],"used":[239,383],"Ivy":[242],"Bridge":[243],"processors.":[244],"adversary":[246,344],"capable":[248],"exactly":[250],"controlling":[251],"entropy":[253,265,279],"RNG.":[256],"example,":[258],"reduce":[262],"RNG's":[264],"40":[267],"bits":[268],"randomness.":[270],"Due":[271],"AES-based":[274],"one-way":[275],"function":[276],"after":[277],"extracting,":[280],"very":[284],"difficult":[285],"detect.":[287],"Crucially,":[288],"this":[289],"approach":[290],"does":[291],"not":[292],"require":[293],"add":[295],"new":[296],"IC.":[300],"Since":[301],"modified":[303],"circuit":[304],"appears":[305],"all":[308,312],"wiring":[309],"layers":[310],"(including":[311],"metal":[313],"polysilicon),":[315],"our":[316],"family":[317],"resistant":[321],"many":[323],"detection":[324],"techniques,":[325],"including":[326],"fine-grain":[327],"optical":[328],"inspection":[329],"checking":[331],"\"golden":[333],"chips\".":[334],"second":[337],"case\",":[339],"extract":[346,445],"cryptographic":[347],"keys":[348],"unknown":[351],"FPGA":[352],"attack,":[355],"coined":[356],"bitstream":[357,364,414],"fault":[358],"injection":[359],"(BiFI),":[360],"systematically":[361],"LUT":[368],"contents,":[369],"configures":[370],"target":[372],"device,":[373],"collects":[375],"resulting":[377],"faulty":[378],"ciphertexts.":[379],"ciphertexts":[381],"recover":[385],"key":[387],"testing":[389],"set":[391,424],"hypotheses,":[393],"ciphertext":[397],"plaintext":[400],"XORed":[401],"key.":[404,448],"attack":[406],"only":[407],"needs":[408],"black-box":[410],"assumption":[411],"structure":[415],"format.":[417],"It":[418],"verified":[420],"considering":[422],"3":[426],"rd":[427],"party":[428],"AES":[429,447],"designs":[430],"different":[432],"standard":[433],"15":[436],"out":[437],"16":[439],"designs,":[440],"were":[442],"able":[443]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
