{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2602531037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3052973.3053032","title":"Evaluating Behavioral Biometrics for Continuous Authentication","display_name":"Evaluating Behavioral Biometrics for Continuous Authentication","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2602531037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3052973.3053032","mag":"2602531037"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3052973.3053032","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3052973.3053032","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004021278","display_name":"Simon Eberz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Eberz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035426350","display_name":"Kasper Rasmussen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9471-9985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kasper B. Rasmussen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048330561","display_name":"Vincent Lenders","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2289-3722"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincent Lenders","raw_affiliation_strings":["armasuisse, Thun, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"armasuisse, Thun, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033928805","display_name":"Ivan Martinovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2340-3040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Martinovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.7246,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":86,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99130246,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"386","last_page":"399"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12268","display_name":"Deception detection and forensic psychology","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.8571641445159912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7533296942710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.7224419116973877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.6462395787239075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5901613831520081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5527696013450623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.5287648439407349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5267100930213928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5065211057662964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4888266921043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.4704305827617645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.41359996795654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-rate","display_name":"False positive rate","score":0.412415087223053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.13777783513069153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.8571641445159912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7533296942710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.7224419116973877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6462395787239075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5901613831520081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5527696013450623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.5287648439407349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5267100930213928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5065211057662964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4888266921043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.4704305827617645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.41359996795654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95922358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5432725","display_name":"False positive rate","level":2,"score":0.412415087223053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.13777783513069153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3052973.3053032","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3052973.3053032","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4420458172","display_name":"DTA - University of Oxford","funder_award_id":"EP/M50659X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W31472457","https://openalex.org/W38528873","https://openalex.org/W258019806","https://openalex.org/W1480112596","https://openalex.org/W1553291715","https://openalex.org/W1778727116","https://openalex.org/W1971565662","https://openalex.org/W1977470670","https://openalex.org/W1984665551","https://openalex.org/W1989000482","https://openalex.org/W1992330729","https://openalex.org/W2008891225","https://openalex.org/W2014047279","https://openalex.org/W2018953708","https://openalex.org/W2064376060","https://openalex.org/W2070381776","https://openalex.org/W2093197020","https://openalex.org/W2095038611","https://openalex.org/W2102932275","https://openalex.org/W2105121197","https://openalex.org/W2126010946","https://openalex.org/W2129793529","https://openalex.org/W2131976234","https://openalex.org/W2140177734","https://openalex.org/W2148568366","https://openalex.org/W2149932667","https://openalex.org/W2151373013","https://openalex.org/W2151854612","https://openalex.org/W2156204309","https://openalex.org/W2165689165","https://openalex.org/W2269306961","https://openalex.org/W2396609477","https://openalex.org/W2397148972","https://openalex.org/W2423693064","https://openalex.org/W2530662063","https://openalex.org/W2539318522","https://openalex.org/W6774940269"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076845124","https://openalex.org/W1995418324","https://openalex.org/W2211301776","https://openalex.org/W3104966193","https://openalex.org/W2275475525","https://openalex.org/W2060905804","https://openalex.org/W1485853333","https://openalex.org/W4281482123","https://openalex.org/W2094677333","https://openalex.org/W4386751957"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,211],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"behavioral":[3],"biometrics":[4,109],"have":[5],"become":[6],"a":[7,17,278],"popular":[8],"approach":[9],"to":[10,40,68,79,117,170,186,200,205,213,247,300,336],"support":[11],"continuous":[12,18],"authentication":[13,19],"systems.":[14],"Most":[15],"generally,":[16],"system":[20],"can":[21,167],"make":[22],"two":[23],"types":[24],"of":[25,61,138,151,158,196,216,234,239,254,296,303,324,327],"errors:":[26],"false":[27,30],"rejects":[28],"and":[29,49,204,218,242,308],"accepts.":[31],"Based":[32],"on":[33,285],"this,":[34],"the":[35,44,59,103,136,149,159,178,194,214,237,243,249,255,265,274,286,325,343],"most":[36,55,231],"commonly":[37],"reported":[38],"metrics":[39],"evaluate":[41],"systems":[42,203],"are":[43,86,99,114,236,321],"False":[45,50],"Reject":[46],"Rate":[47,52],"(FRR)":[48],"Accept":[51],"(FAR).":[53],"However,":[54],"papers":[56,257],"only":[57],"report":[58],"mean":[60,160],"these":[62,96,297,328],"measures":[63],"with":[64,277],"little":[65],"attention":[66],"paid":[67],"their":[69,338],"distribution.":[70],"This":[71,311],"is":[72,312],"problematic":[73],"as":[74,111,123,182,316],"systematic":[75,97,118,152],"errors":[76,85,98],"allow":[77],"attackers":[78],"perpetually":[80],"escape":[81],"detection":[82],"while":[83,120],"random":[84],"less":[87],"severe.":[88],"Using":[89,289],"16":[90],"biometric":[91],"datasets":[92],"we":[93,176,258,292],"show":[94,106,126,134,293],"that":[95,107,135,294,319],"very":[100],"common":[101],"in":[102,264],"wild.":[104],"We":[105,192],"some":[108,139,220],"(such":[110,122],"eye":[112],"movements)":[113],"particularly":[115],"prone":[116],"errors,":[119],"others":[121],"touchscreen":[124],"inputs)":[125],"more":[127],"even":[128,332],"error":[129,144,190,228,304],"distributions.":[130,191],"Our":[131],"results":[132],"also":[133,226],"inclusion":[137],"distinctive":[140],"features":[141,217],"lowers":[142],"average":[143],"rates":[145,305],"but":[146],"significantly":[147],"increases":[148],"prevalence":[150],"errors.":[153],"As":[154],"such,":[155],"blind":[156],"optimization":[157],"EER":[161,339],"(through":[162],"feature":[163,209],"engineering":[164],"or":[165,268,330],"selection)":[166],"sometimes":[168],"lead":[169,299],"lower":[171],"security.":[172],"Following":[173],"this":[174,197,235],"result":[175],"propose":[177],"Gini":[179],"Coefficient":[180],"(GC)":[181],"an":[183,313],"additional":[184],"metric":[185],"accurately":[187],"capture":[188],"different":[189,202],"demonstrate":[193],"usefulness":[195],"measure":[198],"both":[199,295],"compare":[201],"guide":[206],"researchers":[207,320],"during":[208],"selection.":[210],"addition":[212],"selection":[215,238],"classifiers,":[219],"non-":[221],"functional":[222],"machine":[223],"learning":[224],"methodologies":[225],"affect":[227],"rates.":[229],"The":[230],"notable":[232],"examples":[233],"training":[240,271],"data":[241,263,272,291],"attacker":[244],"model":[245],"used":[246],"develop":[248],"negative":[250,266],"class.":[251],"13":[252],"out":[253],"25":[256],"analyzed":[259],"either":[260,322],"include":[261],"imposter":[262],"class":[267],"randomly":[269],"sample":[270],"from":[273],"entire":[275],"dataset,":[276],"further":[279],"6":[280],"not":[281],"giving":[282],"any":[283],"information":[284],"methodology":[287],"used.":[288],"real-world":[290],"decisions":[298],"significant":[301],"underestimation":[302],"by":[306],"63%":[307],"81%,":[309],"respectively.":[310],"alarming":[314],"result,":[315],"it":[317],"suggests":[318],"unaware":[323],"magnitude":[326],"effects":[329],"might":[331],"be":[333],"purposefully":[334],"attempting":[335],"over-optimize":[337],"without":[340],"actually":[341],"improving":[342],"system.":[344]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-24T13:16:06.693445","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}