{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2605898966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3051457.3053982","title":"A Memory-Augmented Neural Model for Automated Grading","display_name":"A Memory-Augmented Neural Model for Automated Grading","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-04-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2605898966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3051457.3053982","mag":"2605898966"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3051457.3053982","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3051457.3053982","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3053982&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Fourth (2017) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3053982&type=pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015704814","display_name":"Siyuan Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9756-4838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Siyuan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101464010","display_name":"Yaqiong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-7431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaqiong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111002623","display_name":"Xiaolu Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8439-4593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolu Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016746228","display_name":"Anthony F. Botelho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7373-4959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Botelho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078998782","display_name":"Neil T. Heffernan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3280-288X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neil Heffernan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015704814"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1968,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96282488,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"189","last_page":"192"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rubric","display_name":"Rubric","score":0.9639868140220642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.8302818536758423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.772783637046814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5001740455627441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.49235999584198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.45779165625572205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3828956186771393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.207798570394516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.09274706244468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07513684034347534}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111640148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847349","display_name":"Rubric","level":2,"score":0.9639868140220642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.8302818536758423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.772783637046814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5001740455627441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.49235999584198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.45779165625572205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3828956186771393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.207798570394516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09274706244468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07513684034347534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3051457.3053982","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3051457.3053982","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3053982&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Fourth (2017) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3051457.3053982","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3051457.3053982","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3053982&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Fourth (2017) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2050073735","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1316736","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2852467966","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ACI-1440753, DRL-1252297, DRL-1109483, DRL-1316736, DRL-1031398","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3313002345","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DRL-1252297","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5657672889","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IES R305A120125, R305C100024,GAANN","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306106","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5672457875","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R305C100024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306106","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5906920533","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R305A120125","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306106","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6133684713","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1109483","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8121007642","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GAANN","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306106","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8254802686","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DRL-1031398","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8337109446","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1440753","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G842482667","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GAANN","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8763841068","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1252297","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G899203672","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1031398","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306106","display_name":"U.S. Department of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/021adze67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0456r8d26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2605898966.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2605898966.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W43048615","https://openalex.org/W1525961042","https://openalex.org/W1549393725","https://openalex.org/W1563959820","https://openalex.org/W1972087783","https://openalex.org/W1976546103","https://openalex.org/W1983477653","https://openalex.org/W1999347571","https://openalex.org/W2025595753","https://openalex.org/W2062914707","https://openalex.org/W2124725212","https://openalex.org/W2126344546","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2250372169","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2251191978","https://openalex.org/W2293453011","https://openalex.org/W2337971266","https://openalex.org/W2341162834","https://openalex.org/W2567547739","https://openalex.org/W2615109403","https://openalex.org/W2950527759","https://openalex.org/W2951008357","https://openalex.org/W2953025981","https://openalex.org/W2963448850","https://openalex.org/W2964091467","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964308564","https://openalex.org/W3037881859","https://openalex.org/W6691431627"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987813225","https://openalex.org/W4390610055","https://openalex.org/W4379053243","https://openalex.org/W3021020626","https://openalex.org/W2955201676","https://openalex.org/W2153005530","https://openalex.org/W2525485641","https://openalex.org/W3132811443","https://openalex.org/W2742817363","https://openalex.org/W4242992011"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,57,152,165],"need":[1],"for":[2,6,71,134],"automated":[3,54],"grading":[4,55,114],"tools":[5],"essay":[7,179],"writing":[8],"and":[9,26,31,40,120,146],"open-ended":[10],"assignments":[11],"has":[12],"received":[13],"increasing":[14],"attention":[15],"due":[16],"to":[17,38,82,89,130],"the":[18,27,64,75,97,104,113,118,124,140,143,157],"unprecedented":[19],"scale":[20],"of":[21,59,177],"Massive":[22],"Online":[23],"Courses":[24],"(MOOCs)":[25],"fact":[28],"that":[29,66,86,168],"more":[30,32],"students":[33],"are":[34,121],"relying":[35],"on":[36,156],"computers":[37],"complete":[39],"submit":[41],"their":[42],"school":[43],"work.":[44],"In":[45],"this":[46],"paper,":[47],"we":[48],"propose":[49],"an":[50,135],"efficient":[51],"memory":[52,125],"networks-powered":[53],"model.":[56],"idea":[58],"our":[60,169],"model":[61,128,170],"stems":[62],"from":[63],"philosophy":[65],"with":[67,103],"enough":[68],"graded":[69,102],"samples":[70,78],"each":[72,93,147],"score":[73,95,106,133],"in":[74,96,117,123,150,174],"rubric,":[76,98],"such":[77],"can":[79],"be":[80,90],"used":[81],"grade":[83],"future":[84],"work":[85],"is":[87,107],"found":[88],"similar.":[91],"For":[92],"possible":[94],"a":[99,132],"student":[100],"response":[101,137,145,149],"same":[105],"collected.":[108],"These":[109],"selected":[110,148],"responses":[111],"represent":[112],"criteria":[115],"specified":[116],"rubric":[119],"stored":[122],"component.":[126],"Our":[127],"learns":[129],"predict":[131],"ungraded":[136,144],"by":[138],"computing":[139],"relevance":[141],"between":[142],"memory.":[151],"evaluation":[153],"was":[154],"conducted":[155],"Kaggle":[158],"Automated":[159],"Student":[160],"Assessment":[161],"Prize":[162],"(ASAP)":[163],"dataset.":[164],"results":[166],"show":[167],"achieves":[171],"state-of-the-art":[172],"performance":[173],"7":[175],"out":[176],"8":[178],"sets.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
