{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2613059487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3054170","title":"Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment for Maximized Engagement in Digital Games","display_name":"Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment for Maximized Engagement in Digital Games","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2613059487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3054170","mag":"2613059487"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3041021.3054170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3054170","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion - WWW '17 Companion","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3054170","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064308227","display_name":"Su Xue","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113251","display_name":"Electronic Arts (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0269t5q92","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113251"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Su Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic Arts, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic Arts, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113251"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Meng Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113251","display_name":"Electronic Arts (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0269t5q92","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113251"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic Arts, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic Arts, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113251"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042273839","display_name":"John F. Kolen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113251","display_name":"Electronic Arts (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0269t5q92","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113251"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Kolen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic Arts, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic Arts, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113251"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046438127","display_name":"Navid Aghdaie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113251","display_name":"Electronic Arts (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0269t5q92","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113251"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Navid Aghdaie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic Arts, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic Arts, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113251"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053773888","display_name":"Kazi A. Zaman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0678-1624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113251","display_name":"Electronic Arts (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0269t5q92","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113251"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazi A. Zaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic Arts, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic Arts, Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113251"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064308227"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113251"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9852,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":96,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96104677,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"465","last_page":"471"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11197","display_name":"Digital Games and Media","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boredom","display_name":"Boredom","score":0.8348232507705688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7594728469848633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5917651653289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monetization","display_name":"Monetization","score":0.5781362652778625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.5689650177955627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.4413506090641022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3715507388114929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.28387969732284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.09850940108299255}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777589236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34255","display_name":"Boredom","level":2,"score":0.8348232507705688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7594728469848633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5917651653289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780602052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q289845","display_name":"Monetization","level":2,"score":0.5781362652778625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5689650177955627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.4413506090641022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3715507388114929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.28387969732284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09850940108299255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3041021.3054170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3054170","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion - WWW '17 Companion","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3041021.3054170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3054170","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion - WWW '17 Companion","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1584836168","https://openalex.org/W1767680514","https://openalex.org/W1808177785","https://openalex.org/W1972814125","https://openalex.org/W1977110342","https://openalex.org/W2003528492","https://openalex.org/W2006865864","https://openalex.org/W2023308850","https://openalex.org/W2047938772","https://openalex.org/W2050787672","https://openalex.org/W2087097402","https://openalex.org/W2097548613","https://openalex.org/W2107643380","https://openalex.org/W2153864374","https://openalex.org/W2209735271"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4296873905","https://openalex.org/W4312342191","https://openalex.org/W2990215692","https://openalex.org/W2520281795","https://openalex.org/W2956015248","https://openalex.org/W318616257","https://openalex.org/W4323565542","https://openalex.org/W4297808986","https://openalex.org/W3118254946","https://openalex.org/W2145503356"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Dynamic":[0,97],"difficulty":[1,32,98],"adjustment":[2],"(DDA)":[3],"is":[4,24,47],"a":[5,10,65,69,75,90,94,106,118,142],"technique":[6,123],"for":[7],"adaptively":[8],"changing":[9],"game":[11,31],"to":[12,21,49,100,104,135],"make":[13],"it":[14,46],"easier":[15],"or":[16,39],"harder.":[17],"A":[18],"common":[19],"paradigm":[20],"achieve":[22,56],"DDA":[23,66],"through":[25],"heuristic":[26],"prediction":[27],"and":[28,55,131],"intervention,":[29],"adjusting":[30],"once":[33],"undesirable":[34],"player":[35,139],"states":[36],"(e.g.,":[37],"boredom":[38],"frustration)":[40],"are":[41],"observed.":[42],"Without":[43],"quantitative":[44],"objectives,":[45],"impossible":[48],"optimize":[50],"the":[51,57,79,111],"strength":[52],"of":[53,73],"intervention":[54],"best":[58],"effectiveness.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61,122],"paper,":[62],"we":[63,88],"propose":[64],"framework":[67],"with":[68,141],"global":[70],"optimization":[71],"objective":[72],"maximizing":[74],"player's":[76,91,107],"engagement":[77,140],"throughout":[78],"entire":[80],"game.":[81],"Using":[82],"level-based":[83],"games":[84,126],"as":[85,93],"our":[86],"example,":[87],"model":[89],"progression":[92,112],"probabilistic":[95],"graph.":[96,113],"reduces":[99],"optimizing":[101],"transition":[102],"probabilities":[103],"maximize":[105],"stay":[108],"time":[109],"in":[110,124,138],"We":[114],"have":[115,132],"successfully":[116],"developed":[117],"system":[119],"that":[120],"applies":[121],"multiple":[125],"by":[127],"Electronic":[128],"Arts,":[129],"Inc.,":[130],"observed":[133],"up":[134],"9%":[136],"improvement":[137],"neutral":[143],"impact":[144],"on":[145],"monetization.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T23:56:10.502304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}