{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2610281177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025811","title":"Flash Organizations","display_name":"Flash Organizations","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-05-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2610281177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025811","mag":"2610281177"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3025453.3025811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025811","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3025811&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3025811&type=pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048264180","display_name":"Melissa Valentine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7517-4054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Melissa A. Valentine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080179499","display_name":"Daniela Retelny","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniela Retelny","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062258537","display_name":"Alexandra To","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7298-7607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandra To","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037671485","display_name":"Negar Rahmati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0933-9791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1743320","display_name":"Palo Alto University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f812k67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1743320"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Negar Rahmati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1743320","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030125352","display_name":"Tulsee Doshi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1743320","display_name":"Palo Alto University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f812k67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1743320"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tulsee Doshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1743320","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076189854","display_name":"Michael S. Bernstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-9434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1743320","display_name":"Palo Alto University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f812k67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1743320"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael S. Bernstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1743320","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048264180"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":30.954,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":159,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99690201,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3523","last_page":"3537"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.7405587434768677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7001859545707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.5902767181396484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash","display_name":"Flash (photography)","score":0.568025529384613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.5521567463874817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5508787035942078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.5080325603485107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowds","display_name":"Crowds","score":0.4571196734905243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.4508332312107086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-management","display_name":"Process management","score":0.3340454697608948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.25711166858673096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.24331027269363403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18467214703559875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.16508257389068604}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.7405587434768677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7001859545707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.5902767181396484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221836","display_name":"Flash (photography)","level":2,"score":0.568025529384613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.5521567463874817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5508787035942078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.5080325603485107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777852691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13430821","display_name":"Crowds","level":2,"score":0.4571196734905243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.4508332312107086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.3340454697608948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.25711166858673096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.24331027269363403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18467214703559875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.16508257389068604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3025453.3025811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025811","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3025811&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3025453.3025811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025811","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3025811&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4757695867","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1351131","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6527008456","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1351131","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6894402473","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Fellowship","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307894","display_name":"Accenture","ror":"https://ror.org/013g16z83"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308943","display_name":"Microsoft Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333616","display_name":"Stanford Institute for Research in the Social Sciences","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2610281177.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2610281177.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":92,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W783257918","https://openalex.org/W1213740548","https://openalex.org/W1523117923","https://openalex.org/W1554858132","https://openalex.org/W1578902217","https://openalex.org/W1590411898","https://openalex.org/W1600296154","https://openalex.org/W1896125358","https://openalex.org/W1911845565","https://openalex.org/W1929954474","https://openalex.org/W1966852018","https://openalex.org/W1968326021","https://openalex.org/W1976306346","https://openalex.org/W1986814607","https://openalex.org/W1994734668","https://openalex.org/W1996293917","https://openalex.org/W2007018772","https://openalex.org/W2007851141","https://openalex.org/W2009603815","https://openalex.org/W2010793828","https://openalex.org/W2023664726","https://openalex.org/W2028953510","https://openalex.org/W2032843080","https://openalex.org/W2036625304","https://openalex.org/W2042061650","https://openalex.org/W2049308095","https://openalex.org/W2055699460","https://openalex.org/W2056621186","https://openalex.org/W2058179030","https://openalex.org/W2080317642","https://openalex.org/W2083534399","https://openalex.org/W2086434545","https://openalex.org/W2089628081","https://openalex.org/W2096848877","https://openalex.org/W2098914049","https://openalex.org/W2099358840","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2110151287","https://openalex.org/W2112021024","https://openalex.org/W2112193291","https://openalex.org/W2116915306","https://openalex.org/W2120396827","https://openalex.org/W2120953715","https://openalex.org/W2121668868","https://openalex.org/W2127008633","https://openalex.org/W2127031179","https://openalex.org/W2128677857","https://openalex.org/W2132445595","https://openalex.org/W2133485007","https://openalex.org/W2135406940","https://openalex.org/W2136240258","https://openalex.org/W2137834155","https://openalex.org/W2138847321","https://openalex.org/W2139864466","https://openalex.org/W2140256961","https://openalex.org/W2147603330","https://openalex.org/W2148479118","https://openalex.org/W2150404203","https://openalex.org/W2151785234","https://openalex.org/W2153656501","https://openalex.org/W2155735325","https://openalex.org/W2163986367","https://openalex.org/W2166145477","https://openalex.org/W2168290613","https://openalex.org/W2170699450","https://openalex.org/W2182782998","https://openalex.org/W2276569499","https://openalex.org/W2277895402","https://openalex.org/W2290652328","https://openalex.org/W2293765620","https://openalex.org/W2328739412","https://openalex.org/W2329312544","https://openalex.org/W2337430557","https://openalex.org/W2396078445","https://openalex.org/W2396268257","https://openalex.org/W2404427926","https://openalex.org/W2406037548","https://openalex.org/W2485327215","https://openalex.org/W2536952838","https://openalex.org/W2539397184","https://openalex.org/W2544952174","https://openalex.org/W2553944973","https://openalex.org/W2767716369","https://openalex.org/W2911311425","https://openalex.org/W3100000486","https://openalex.org/W3121257585","https://openalex.org/W3125574497","https://openalex.org/W4230939871","https://openalex.org/W4238127889","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4300825542","https://openalex.org/W4312713777"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3032998312","https://openalex.org/W135177976","https://openalex.org/W4384486036","https://openalex.org/W1503094549","https://openalex.org/W2337920774","https://openalex.org/W4286908577","https://openalex.org/W2886410948","https://openalex.org/W2025875869","https://openalex.org/W4318823662","https://openalex.org/W3207526114"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,160],"paper":[1],"introduces":[2,72],"flash":[3,137],"organizations:":[4],"crowds":[5],"structured":[6],"like":[7],"organizations":[8,54,138,165],"to":[9,96,178],"achieve":[10],"complex":[11,144,180],"and":[12,29,58,64,108,126,143,157,169],"open-ended":[13,68,142],"goals.":[14,69],"Microtask":[15],"workflows,":[16],"the":[17,78,124,127],"dominant":[18],"crowdsourcing":[19],"structures":[20,48,112],"today,":[21],"only":[22],"enable":[23],"goals":[24,145],"that":[25,31,42,166],"are":[26],"so":[27],"simple":[28],"modular":[30],"their":[32],"path":[33],"can":[34],"be":[35],"entirely":[36],"pre-defined.":[37],"We":[38,131],"present":[39],"a":[40,114,133,173],"system":[41,71],"organizes":[43],"crowd":[44],"workers":[45,101],"into":[46,83],"computationally-represented":[47],"inspired":[49,116],"by":[50,117],"those":[51],"used":[52],"in":[53,135],"-":[55,60],"roles,":[56,85],"teams,":[57],"hierarchies":[59],"which":[61,136],"support":[62,97],"emergent":[63],"adaptive":[65],"coordination":[66,98],"toward":[67],"Our":[70],"two":[73],"technical":[74],"contributions:":[75],"1)":[76],"encoding":[77],"crowd's":[79],"division":[80,128],"of":[81,123,129,148],"labor":[82],"de-individualized":[84],"much":[86],"as":[87],"movie":[88],"crews":[89],"or":[90],"disaster":[91],"response":[92],"teams":[93],"use":[94],"roles":[95],"between":[99],"on-demand":[100],"who":[102],"have":[103],"not":[104],"worked":[105],"together":[106],"before;":[107],"2)":[109],"reconfiguring":[110],"these":[111],"through":[113],"model":[115],"version":[118],"control,":[119],"enabling":[120],"continuous":[121],"adaptation":[122],"work":[125],"labor.":[130],"report":[132],"deployment":[134],"successfully":[139],"carried":[140],"out":[141,147],"previously":[146],"reach":[149],"for":[150],"crowdsourcing,":[151],"including":[152],"product":[153],"design,":[154],"software":[155],"development,":[156],"game":[158],"production.":[159],"research":[161],"demonstrates":[162],"digitally":[163],"networked":[164],"flexibly":[167],"assemble":[168],"reassemble":[170],"themselves":[171],"from":[172],"globally":[174],"distributed":[175],"online":[176],"workforce":[177],"accomplish":[179],"work.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}