{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2611149039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025636","title":"Understanding Shoulder Surfing in the Wild","display_name":"Understanding Shoulder Surfing in the Wild","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-05-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2611149039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025636","mag":"2611149039"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3025453.3025636","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025636","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002429603","display_name":"Malin Eiband","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4024-1645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Malin Eiband","raw_affiliation_strings":["LMU Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LMU Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001935352","display_name":"Mohamed Khamis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7051-5200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Khamis","raw_affiliation_strings":["LMU Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LMU Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085546732","display_name":"Emanuel von Zezschwitz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emanuel von Zezschwitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["LMU Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LMU Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072438791","display_name":"Heinrich Hu\u00dfmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1709-7905"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heinrich Hussmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["LMU Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LMU Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054117094","display_name":"Florian Alt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8354-2195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florian Alt","raw_affiliation_strings":["LMU Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LMU Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002429603"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":37.9394,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":159,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99734435,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4254","last_page":"4265"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10803","display_name":"Innovative Human-Technology Interaction","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.7418316602706909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.7349383234977722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6016362905502319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5953726172447205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feeling","display_name":"Feeling","score":0.5841097235679626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/login","display_name":"Login","score":0.5451306104660034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.36393406987190247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3559122085571289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.23403409123420715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.12950536608695984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.07218286395072937}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.7418316602706909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.7349383234977722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6016362905502319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5953726172447205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122980154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205555","display_name":"Feeling","level":2,"score":0.5841097235679626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113324615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472302","display_name":"Login","level":2,"score":0.5451306104660034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.36393406987190247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3559122085571289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.23403409123420715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.12950536608695984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07218286395072937}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3025453.3025636","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025636","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:170223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/48468.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-540927","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-540927.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer FKIE","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/404417","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/404417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498607839","https://openalex.org/W1568208015","https://openalex.org/W1965493333","https://openalex.org/W1970007814","https://openalex.org/W1980015812","https://openalex.org/W1983897914","https://openalex.org/W1987485968","https://openalex.org/W1991252272","https://openalex.org/W1995628302","https://openalex.org/W2006605027","https://openalex.org/W2008790627","https://openalex.org/W2011150020","https://openalex.org/W2024619322","https://openalex.org/W2027859936","https://openalex.org/W2037202491","https://openalex.org/W2039031286","https://openalex.org/W2046810302","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2060959952","https://openalex.org/W2068548805","https://openalex.org/W2070285512","https://openalex.org/W2076463985","https://openalex.org/W2078483465","https://openalex.org/W2080673930","https://openalex.org/W2085014080","https://openalex.org/W2090073010","https://openalex.org/W2092900838","https://openalex.org/W2110132168","https://openalex.org/W2118115984","https://openalex.org/W2124555616","https://openalex.org/W2135032965","https://openalex.org/W2136781735","https://openalex.org/W2142325887","https://openalex.org/W2146907761","https://openalex.org/W2151027695","https://openalex.org/W2155243985","https://openalex.org/W2155476561","https://openalex.org/W2157007820","https://openalex.org/W2159837114","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2181155974","https://openalex.org/W2319906230","https://openalex.org/W2345493351","https://openalex.org/W2346630854","https://openalex.org/W2347204792","https://openalex.org/W2398149261","https://openalex.org/W2412453515","https://openalex.org/W2478866069","https://openalex.org/W2593518298","https://openalex.org/W2896919877","https://openalex.org/W2918572002","https://openalex.org/W4244134295"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4235220108","https://openalex.org/W4256170434","https://openalex.org/W4233948907","https://openalex.org/W4238894392","https://openalex.org/W4311722428","https://openalex.org/W2357607877","https://openalex.org/W4238771742","https://openalex.org/W4235839583","https://openalex.org/W2291261743","https://openalex.org/W4396833206"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Research":[0],"has":[1],"brought":[2],"forth":[3],"a":[4,31,81],"variety":[5,82],"of":[6,30,83,130],"authentication":[7],"systems":[8],"to":[9,101],"mitigate":[10],"observation":[11],"attacks.":[12],"However,":[13],"there":[14],"is":[15],"little":[16],"work":[17,114],"about":[18,41,97,107],"shoulder":[19,42,56,118],"surfing":[20,43,57,119],"situations":[21],"in":[22,35,60,80,90,120],"the":[23,28,121,128],"real":[24,122],"world.":[25],"We":[26],"present":[27],"results":[29],"user":[32],"survey":[33],"(N=174)":[34],"which":[36],"we":[37],"investigate":[38],"actual":[39],"stories":[40],"on":[44],"mobile":[45],"devices":[46],"from":[47,95],"both":[48,77],"users":[49],"and":[50,93,99,104,110,124],"observers.":[51],"Our":[52],"analysis":[53],"indicates":[54],"that":[55],"mainly":[58],"occurs":[59],"an":[61],"opportunistic,":[62],"non-malicious":[63],"way.":[64],"It":[65],"usually":[66],"does":[67],"not":[68],"have":[69],"serious":[70],"consequences,":[71],"but":[72],"evokes":[73],"negative":[74],"feelings":[75],"for":[76,117,127],"parties,":[78],"resulting":[79],"coping":[84],"strategies.":[85],"Observed":[86],"data":[87,103],"was":[88],"personal":[89],"most":[91],"cases":[92],"ranged":[94],"information":[96],"interests":[98],"hobbies":[100],"login":[102],"intimate":[105],"details":[106],"third":[108],"persons":[109],"relationships.":[111],"Thus,":[112],"our":[113],"contributes":[115],"evidence":[116],"world":[123],"informs":[125],"implications":[126],"design":[129],"privacy":[131],"protection":[132],"mechanisms.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}