{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2574685397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3012709.3012729","title":"On quantifying the effective password space of grid-based unlock gestures","display_name":"On quantifying the effective password space of grid-based unlock gestures","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2574685397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3012709.3012729","mag":"2574685397"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3012709.3012729","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3012709.3012729","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085546732","display_name":"Emanuel von Zezschwitz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emanuel von Zezschwitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["LMU Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LMU Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002429603","display_name":"Malin Eiband","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4024-1645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malin Eiband","raw_affiliation_strings":["LMU Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LMU Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032594386","display_name":"Daniel Buschek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0013-715X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Buschek","raw_affiliation_strings":["LMU Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LMU Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080629065","display_name":"Sascha Oberhuber","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sascha Oberhuber","raw_affiliation_strings":["LMU Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LMU Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090959845","display_name":"Alexander De Luca","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander De Luca","raw_affiliation_strings":["LMU Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LMU Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054117094","display_name":"Florian Alt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8354-2195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florian Alt","raw_affiliation_strings":["LMU Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LMU Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072438791","display_name":"Heinrich Hu\u00dfmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1709-7905"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heinrich Hussmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["LMU Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LMU Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1422,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9482879,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"201","last_page":"212"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.8278545141220093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7228671908378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.6917961239814758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.5233696699142456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5074860453605652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intuition","display_name":"Intuition","score":0.4710067808628082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.41995131969451904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3380664587020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.32482391595840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.17096614837646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16746121644973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07152807712554932}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.8278545141220093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7228671908378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.6917961239814758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5233696699142456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5074860453605652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132010649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189222","display_name":"Intuition","level":2,"score":0.4710067808628082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.41995131969451904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3380664587020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.32482391595840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.17096614837646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16746121644973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07152807712554932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3012709.3012729","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3012709.3012729","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-540932","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-540932.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer FKIE","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/404420","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/404420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32836389","https://openalex.org/W1267153886","https://openalex.org/W1485033854","https://openalex.org/W1548573590","https://openalex.org/W1626992774","https://openalex.org/W1638203394","https://openalex.org/W1964132625","https://openalex.org/W1982158666","https://openalex.org/W1988463028","https://openalex.org/W1995628302","https://openalex.org/W2028570584","https://openalex.org/W2028585256","https://openalex.org/W2044798763","https://openalex.org/W2076868093","https://openalex.org/W2077910711","https://openalex.org/W2083295738","https://openalex.org/W2084749141","https://openalex.org/W2092900838","https://openalex.org/W2098198671","https://openalex.org/W2111397260","https://openalex.org/W2124945516","https://openalex.org/W2126453598","https://openalex.org/W2135359429","https://openalex.org/W2153305919","https://openalex.org/W2157054705","https://openalex.org/W2157268461","https://openalex.org/W2159335031","https://openalex.org/W2191312859","https://openalex.org/W2315247372","https://openalex.org/W2335110595","https://openalex.org/W2582697902","https://openalex.org/W4301454887"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2066003895","https://openalex.org/W2537963312","https://openalex.org/W2537762514","https://openalex.org/W2349788282","https://openalex.org/W577271088","https://openalex.org/W2120801881","https://openalex.org/W1974473538","https://openalex.org/W2020010749","https://openalex.org/W2164899521","https://openalex.org/W1982853263"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,123],"present":[1,84],"a":[2,49,107],"similarity":[3],"metric":[4,19,47],"for":[5,127],"Android":[6],"unlock":[7],"patterns":[8,31,54,95],"to":[9,26,48,87,91],"quantify":[10],"the":[11,21,42,71,131],"effective":[12,72],"password":[13,73],"space":[14,74],"of":[15,23,41,51,133],"user-defined":[16,53],"gestures.":[17],"Our":[18],"is":[20],"first":[22],"its":[24],"kind":[25],"reflect":[27],"that":[28,59,114],"users":[29,90],"choose":[30],"based":[32],"on":[33],"human":[34],"intuition":[35],"and":[36,77,100,130],"interest":[37],"in":[38],"geometric":[39,64],"properties":[40],"resulting":[43],"shapes.":[44],"Applying":[45],"our":[46],"dataset":[50],"506":[52],"reveals":[55],"very":[56],"similar":[57],"shapes":[58],"only":[60],"differ":[61],"by":[62,75,96],"simple":[63],"transformations":[65],"such":[66,116],"as":[67],"rotation.":[68],"This":[69],"shrinks":[70],"66%":[76],"allows":[78],"informed":[79],"guessing":[80],"attacks.":[81],"Consequently,":[82],"we":[83],"an":[85],"approach":[86],"subtly":[88],"nudge":[89],"create":[92],"more":[93],"diverse":[94],"showing":[97],"background":[98],"images":[99],"animations":[101],"during":[102],"pattern":[103,121,128],"creation.":[104],"Results":[105],"from":[106],"user":[108],"study":[109],"(n":[110],"=":[111],"496)":[112],"show":[113],"applying":[115],"countermeasures":[117],"can":[118],"significantly":[119],"increase":[120],"diversity.":[122],"conclude":[124],"with":[125],"implications":[126],"choices":[129],"design":[132],"enrollment":[134],"processes.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}