{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2536555047","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3001878.3001880","title":"What is a programming language, really?","display_name":"What is a programming language, really?","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2536555047","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3001878.3001880","mag":"2536555047"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3001878.3001880","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3001878.3001880","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Evaluation and Usability of Programming Languages and Tools","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037160778","display_name":"Amy J. Ko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7461-4783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amy J. Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037160778"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5686,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81458848,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"32","last_page":"33"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9745000004768372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7934068441390991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ask-price","display_name":"Ask price","score":0.5905877947807312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5308089256286621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-paradigm","display_name":"Programming paradigm","score":0.46114474534988403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.33825749158859253}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7934068441390991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90329073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q914232","display_name":"Ask price","level":2,"score":0.5905877947807312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5308089256286621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.46114474534988403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.33825749158859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3001878.3001880","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3001878.3001880","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Evaluation and Usability of Programming Languages and Tools","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1771830246","https://openalex.org/W2057760462","https://openalex.org/W2090655269","https://openalex.org/W2099424113","https://openalex.org/W2122401044","https://openalex.org/W2157504474","https://openalex.org/W2165344899"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2168627904","https://openalex.org/W2515552481","https://openalex.org/W156769215","https://openalex.org/W1570348318","https://openalex.org/W2015444353","https://openalex.org/W3013494979","https://openalex.org/W4308101915","https://openalex.org/W2102726926","https://openalex.org/W3194047734"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"computing,":[1],"we":[2,30,37,43,49,83],"usually":[3],"take":[4],"a":[5,19],"technical":[6,63],"view":[7,23],"of":[8,17,26,74],"programming":[9,88],"languages":[10,89],"(PL),":[11],"defining":[12],"them":[13],"as":[14],"formal":[15],"means":[16],"specifying":[18],"computer":[20],"behavior.":[21],"This":[22,68],"shapes":[24],"much":[25],"the":[27,35,41],"research":[28,91],"that":[29],"do":[31],"on":[32],"PL,":[33],"determining":[34],"questions":[36],"ask":[38],"about":[39],"them,":[40,46],"improvements":[42],"make":[44],"to":[45,52,56],"and":[47,76,86,92],"how":[48,77,82],"teach":[50],"people":[51],"use":[53,87],"them.":[54],"But":[55],"many":[57],"people,":[58],"PL":[59,75],"are":[60],"not":[61],"purely":[62],"things,":[64],"but":[65],"socio-technical":[66],"things.":[67],"paper":[69],"describes":[70],"several":[71],"alternative":[72],"views":[73,79],"these":[78],"can":[80],"reshape":[81],"design,":[84],"evolve,":[85],"in":[90],"practice.":[93]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}