{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2274162699","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2996464","title":"Deep Learning at Scale and at Ease","display_name":"Deep Learning at Scale and at Ease","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2274162699","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2996464","mag":"2274162699"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2996464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2996464","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2996464&type=pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2996464&type=pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100391659","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5367-7056"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5367-7056","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100389286","display_name":"Gang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7483-0045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100406215","display_name":"Haibo Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9720-0361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091137","display_name":"NetEase (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00fp6fj05","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091137"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibo Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["NetEase Inc., Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NetEase Inc., Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033418193","display_name":"Tien Tuan Anh Dinh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8158-3636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tien Tuan Anh Dinh","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000935850","display_name":"Jinyang Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8247-1196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinyang Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024892041","display_name":"Beng Chin Ooi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4446-1100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beng Chin Ooi","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077593594","display_name":"Kian\u2010Lee Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9315-4057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kian-Lee Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100371324","display_name":"Sheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4210-1670"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032263010","display_name":"Meihui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0752-9877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meihui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9888,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90698541,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"4s","first_page":"1","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.8736116886138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8379026651382446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7659693360328674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6826472878456116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usable","display_name":"USable","score":0.5952991247177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.5541179776191711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.5293142199516296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5140494108200073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.47578608989715576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3391721844673157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3226695656776428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.2882823646068573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.1208333671092987}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.8736116886138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8379026651382446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7659693360328674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6826472878456116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.5952991247177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.5541179776191711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.5293142199516296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5140494108200073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.47578608989715576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3391721844673157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3226695656776428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2882823646068573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.1208333671092987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2996464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2996464","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2996464&type=pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/30594194","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Deep_Learning_at_Scale_and_at_Ease/30594194","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2996464","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2996464","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2996464&type=pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S19610489","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications","issn_l":"1551-6857","issn":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3231392296","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-CRP8-2011-08","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4333703567","display_name":"\u8def\u7f51\u4e0b\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u805a\u5408k\u6700\u8fd1\u90bb\u67e5\u8be2\u53ca\u53d8\u4f53\u5904\u7406\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61472348","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5649372304","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1321202073","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320696","funder_display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320696","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320698","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337253","display_name":"Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2274162699.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2274162699.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W52367139","https://openalex.org/W753012316","https://openalex.org/W1202352811","https://openalex.org/W1442374986","https://openalex.org/W1563686443","https://openalex.org/W1597017619","https://openalex.org/W1598866093","https://openalex.org/W1606347560","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1788418780","https://openalex.org/W1816580784","https://openalex.org/W1964073652","https://openalex.org/W1982767656","https://openalex.org/W1997162771","https://openalex.org/W2007972815","https://openalex.org/W2047281828","https://openalex.org/W2048657872","https://openalex.org/W2062022900","https://openalex.org/W2069682406","https://openalex.org/W2083842231","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2117499659","https://openalex.org/W2123229215","https://openalex.org/W2132424367","https://openalex.org/W2146502635","https://openalex.org/W2157530295","https://openalex.org/W2162390675","https://openalex.org/W2168231600","https://openalex.org/W2171928131","https://openalex.org/W2181607856","https://openalex.org/W2186615578","https://openalex.org/W2251084241","https://openalex.org/W2253807446","https://openalex.org/W2271840356","https://openalex.org/W2338908902","https://openalex.org/W2407022425","https://openalex.org/W2560674852","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2914484425","https://openalex.org/W2949650786","https://openalex.org/W2950094539","https://openalex.org/W2950133940","https://openalex.org/W2951781666","https://openalex.org/W2952388062","https://openalex.org/W2998508934","https://openalex.org/W4238404964","https://openalex.org/W4240768087"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2982321410","https://openalex.org/W95465806","https://openalex.org/W2392004567","https://openalex.org/W2940029036","https://openalex.org/W4389670110","https://openalex.org/W2756595502","https://openalex.org/W2187546663","https://openalex.org/W2429057255","https://openalex.org/W2188310145","https://openalex.org/W121182129"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"deep":[1,20,39,84,118,137,169,178],"learning":[2,21,26,40,85,119,138,170,179],"techniques":[3],"have":[4],"enjoyed":[5],"success":[6],"in":[7,45,111,185],"various":[8],"multimedia":[9,46,183],"applications,":[10],"such":[11],"as":[12],"image":[13],"classification":[14],"and":[15,47,59,76,149,158,160,176,194],"multimodal":[16],"data":[17],"analysis.":[18],"Large":[19],"models":[22,58,102,180],"are":[23,33],"developed":[24],"for":[25,92,99,181],"rich":[27],"representations":[28],"of":[29,56,96,136],"complex":[30],"data.":[31],"There":[32],"two":[34,109],"challenges":[35],"to":[36,90],"overcome":[37],"before":[38],"can":[41],"be":[42,63,88],"widely":[43],"adopted":[44],"other":[48,79,167],"applications.":[49],"One":[50],"is":[51,74,80,142,191],"usability,":[52],"namely":[53,82],"the":[54,72,83,132,189],"implementation":[55],"different":[57],"training":[60,100,147,177],"algorithms":[61],"must":[62,87],"done":[64],"by":[65],"nonexperts":[66],"without":[67],"much":[68],"effort,":[69],"especially":[70],"when":[71],"model":[73,129],"large":[75,101],"complex.":[77],"The":[78],"scalability,":[81],"system":[86],"able":[89],"provision":[91],"a":[93,116],"huge":[94],"demand":[95],"computing":[97],"resources":[98],"with":[103,174],"massive":[104],"datasets.":[105],"To":[106],"address":[107],"these":[108],"challenges,":[110],"this":[112],"article":[113],"we":[114,161],"design":[115],"distributed":[117,146],"platform":[120,190],"called":[121],"SINGA":[122,153,186],",":[123],"which":[124],"has":[125],"an":[126],"intuitive":[127],"programming":[128],"based":[130],"on":[131,155],"common":[133],"layer":[134],"abstraction":[135],"models.":[139],"Good":[140],"scalability":[141],"achieved":[143],"through":[144],"flexible":[145],"architecture":[148],"specific":[150],"optimization":[151],"techniques.":[152],"runs":[154],"both":[156,192],"GPUs":[157],"CPUs,":[159],"show":[162],"that":[163,188],"it":[164],"outperforms":[165],"many":[166],"state-of-the-art":[168],"systems.":[171],"Our":[172],"experience":[173],"developing":[175],"real-life":[182],"applications":[184],"shows":[187],"usable":[193],"scalable.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
