{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2549822364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2994598","title":"Matching Labels and Markers in Historical Maps","display_name":"Matching Labels and Markers in Historical Maps","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-11-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2549822364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2994598","mag":"2549822364"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2994598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2994598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2503711797","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems","issn_l":"2374-0353","issn":["2374-0353","2374-0361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077175119","display_name":"Benedikt Budig","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25974101","display_name":"University of W\u00fcrzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00fbnyb24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Benedikt Budig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, Am Hubland, W\u00fcrzburg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, Am Hubland, W\u00fcrzburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112541439","display_name":"Thomas C. van Dijk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25974101","display_name":"University of W\u00fcrzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00fbnyb24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas C. Van Dijk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, Am Hubland, W\u00fcrzburg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, Am Hubland, W\u00fcrzburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014138072","display_name":"Alexander Wolff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5872-718X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25974101","display_name":"University of W\u00fcrzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00fbnyb24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Wolff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, Am Hubland, W\u00fcrzburg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, Am Hubland, W\u00fcrzburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077175119"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25974101"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7653,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86376087,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7483163475990295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digitization","display_name":"Digitization","score":0.6598997116088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata","display_name":"Metadata","score":0.5980302095413208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.5591531991958618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-complexity","display_name":"Time complexity","score":0.4941301643848419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4685329496860504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.45806342363357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3912105858325958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.38684239983558655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3566521108150482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18043431639671326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.12913250923156738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7483163475990295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779308522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843958","display_name":"Digitization","level":2,"score":0.6598997116088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.5980302095413208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5591531991958618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C311688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393193","display_name":"Time complexity","level":2,"score":0.4941301643848419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4685329496860504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.45806342363357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3912105858325958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.38684239983558655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3566521108150482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18043431639671326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.12913250923156738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2994598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2994598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2503711797","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems","issn_l":"2374-0353","issn":["2374-0353","2374-0361"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325356","display_name":"Julius-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00fbnyb24"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W586437679","https://openalex.org/W653423741","https://openalex.org/W1506852115","https://openalex.org/W1507039213","https://openalex.org/W1766062831","https://openalex.org/W1963951527","https://openalex.org/W1967598399","https://openalex.org/W1973948212","https://openalex.org/W1984279279","https://openalex.org/W1998042868","https://openalex.org/W2011469476","https://openalex.org/W2026317555","https://openalex.org/W2027311243","https://openalex.org/W2060931017","https://openalex.org/W2064458621","https://openalex.org/W2070841287","https://openalex.org/W2086437735","https://openalex.org/W2109268594","https://openalex.org/W2111676986","https://openalex.org/W2123402141","https://openalex.org/W2142159465","https://openalex.org/W2145598081","https://openalex.org/W2154495259","https://openalex.org/W2156301828","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2159551138","https://openalex.org/W2278970812","https://openalex.org/W2294369857","https://openalex.org/W2295837698","https://openalex.org/W2401610261","https://openalex.org/W2562836854","https://openalex.org/W2752885492","https://openalex.org/W2988480584","https://openalex.org/W4238410424","https://openalex.org/W4255529553"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1539704186","https://openalex.org/W4254109238","https://openalex.org/W2399890175","https://openalex.org/W4308177873","https://openalex.org/W3202479762","https://openalex.org/W2480493049","https://openalex.org/W2592115649","https://openalex.org/W4322582183","https://openalex.org/W1937392525","https://openalex.org/W2347632764"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,86,142,157,218,232,273],"article,":[2],"we":[3,49,88,125,147],"present":[4],"an":[5,237],"algorithmic":[6],"system":[7,239,274],"for":[8,71,152,166,179,225,236],"determining":[9],"the":[10,25,53,56,62,81,90,111,114,122,164,167,196,202,228,234,241,251,254,260,266,285,288],"proper":[11],"correspondence":[12],"between":[13],"place":[14,28],"markers":[15,29,191],"and":[16,32,48,101,130,170,192,204,216,275],"their":[17],"labels":[18,33,54,203],"in":[19,61,92,217],"historical":[20,66,181],"maps.":[21],"We":[22,116,139,161,230,268],"assume":[23],"that":[24,98,141,278],"locations":[26],"of":[27,35,65,94,113,121,156,187,201,223,227,250,272],"(usually":[30],"pictographs)":[31],"(pieces":[34],"text)":[36],"have":[37,132,162],"already":[38],"been":[39],"determined":[40],"--":[41,47],"either":[42],"algorithmically":[43],"or":[44],"by":[45,265],"hand":[46],"want":[50],"to":[51,55,109,133,246],"match":[52],"markers.":[57],"This":[58],"time-consuming":[59],"step":[60],"digitization":[63],"process":[64],"maps":[67,182],"is":[68,144,205,244,256],"nontrivial":[69],"even":[70],"humans":[72],"but":[73],"provides":[74],"valuable":[75],"metadata":[76],"(e.g.,":[77],"when":[78],"subsequently":[79],"georeferencing":[80],"map).":[82],"To":[83],"speed":[84],"up":[85],"process,":[87],"model":[89,123],"problem":[91,99,143,169],"terms":[93],"combinatorial":[95],"optimization,":[96],"solve":[97],"efficiently,":[100],"show":[102,140],"how":[103],"user":[104,261],"interaction":[105],"can":[106],"be":[107],"used":[108],"improve":[110],"quality":[112],"results.":[115],"also":[117],"consider":[118],"a":[119,149,153,174,184,213,221,270],"version":[120,155],"where":[124,240,253,287],"are":[126,263],"given":[127],"label":[128],"fragments":[129,136],"additionally":[131],"decide":[134],"which":[135],"go":[137],"together.":[138],"NP-hard.":[145],"However,":[146],"give":[148],"polynomial-time":[150],"algorithm":[151,165,197,255,289],"restricted":[154],"fragment":[158],"assignment":[159],"problem.":[160],"implemented":[163],"main":[168],"tested":[171],"it":[172,279],"on":[173,284],"manually":[175],"extracted":[176],"ground":[177],"truth":[178],"eight":[180],"with":[183],"combined":[185],"total":[186],"more":[188],"than":[189],"12,800":[190],"labels.":[193],"On":[194],"average,":[195],"correctly":[198],"matches":[199],"96%":[200],"robust":[206],"against":[207],"noisy":[208],"input.":[209],"It":[210],"furthermore":[211],"performs":[212],"sensitivity":[214],"analysis":[215],"way":[219],"computes":[220],"measure":[222],"confidence":[224],"each":[226],"matches.":[229],"use":[231],"as":[233],"basis":[235],"interactive":[238],"user\u2019s":[242],"effort":[243],"directed":[245],"checking":[247],"those":[248,282],"parts":[249],"map":[252,286],"unsure;":[257],"any":[258],"corrections":[259],"makes":[262],"propagated":[264],"algorithm.":[267],"discuss":[269],"prototype":[271],"statistically":[276],"confirm":[277],"successfully":[280],"locates":[281],"areas":[283],"needs":[290],"help.":[291]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}