{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2538848838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2993600.2993611","title":"Formal Verification of Smart Contracts","display_name":"Formal Verification of Smart Contracts","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2538848838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2993600.2993611","mag":"2538848838"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2993600.2993611","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2993600.2993611","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2993600.2993611","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Workshop on Programming Languages and Analysis for Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2993600.2993611","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026297326","display_name":"Karthikeyan Bhargavan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-8997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}],"countries":["CN","FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Karthikeyan Bhargavan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inria, Paris, France","Programming securely with cryptography"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inria, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Programming securely with cryptography","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112054753","display_name":"Antoine Delignat-Lavaud","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antoine Delignat-Lavaud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108519702","display_name":"C\u00e9dric Fournet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6929-886X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C\u00e9dric Fournet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047325283","display_name":"Anitha Gollamudi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0861-1418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anitha Gollamudi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Cambridge, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078217586","display_name":"Georges Gonthier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800643029","display_name":"Association for Symbolic Logic","ror":"https://ror.org/00baryp08","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800643029"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georges Gonthier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom","Symbolic Special Functions : Fast and Certified"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Symbolic Special Functions : Fast and Certified","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800643029"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018284688","display_name":"Nadim Kobeissi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-7253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN","FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadim Kobeissi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inria, Paris, France","Programming securely with cryptography"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inria, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Programming securely with cryptography","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071663172","display_name":"Natalia Kulatova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN","FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natalia Kulatova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inria, Paris, France","Programming securely with cryptography"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inria, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Programming securely with cryptography","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102801489","display_name":"Aseem Rastogi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-8011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124949","display_name":"Microsoft Research (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/02w7f3w92","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210124949"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aseem Rastogi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Bangalore, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124949"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058488924","display_name":"Thomas Sibut-Pinote","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9454-5850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800643029","display_name":"Association for Symbolic Logic","ror":"https://ror.org/00baryp08","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800643029"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1326498283","display_name":"Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique","ror":"https://ror.org/02kvxyf05","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]}],"countries":["FR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Sibut-Pinote","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inria, Paris, France","Symbolic Special Functions : Fast and Certified"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inria, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Symbolic Special Functions : Fast and Certified","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800643029"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039334115","display_name":"Nikhil Swamy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5348-9266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikhil Swamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088954009","display_name":"Santiago Zanella-B\u00e9guelin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0479-9967"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Santiago Zanella-B\u00e9guelin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026297326"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I4210132990"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":82.6025,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":613,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99923172,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"91","last_page":"96"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bytecode","display_name":"Bytecode","score":0.8764796257019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.803328275680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.6725163459777832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.5609123110771179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/javascript","display_name":"JavaScript","score":0.5328032970428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5109216570854187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5059375166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solidity","display_name":"Solidity","score":0.499957799911499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.4390217065811157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.430726021528244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gadget","display_name":"Gadget","score":0.4263094663619995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.4018400311470032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/java","display_name":"Java","score":0.2964423894882202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.108041912317276}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779818221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837330","display_name":"Bytecode","level":3,"score":0.8764796257019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.803328275680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.6725163459777832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.5609123110771179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544833334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005","display_name":"JavaScript","level":2,"score":0.5328032970428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5109216570854187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5059375166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778362873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24909565","display_name":"Solidity","level":2,"score":0.499957799911499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4390217065811157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.430726021528244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119770614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5516347","display_name":"Gadget","level":2,"score":0.4263094663619995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.4018400311470032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.2964423894882202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.108041912317276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2993600.2993611","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2993600.2993611","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2993600.2993611","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Workshop on Programming Languages and Analysis for Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-01400469v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://inria.hal.science/hal-01400469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922461","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM Workshop on Programming Languages and Analysis for Security, Oct 2016, Vienna, Austria. ⟨10.1145/2993600.2993611⟩","raw_type":"Conference papers"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2993600.2993611","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2993600.2993611","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2993600.2993611","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Workshop on Programming Languages and Analysis for Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321475","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 di Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2538848838.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2538848838.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1820726602","https://openalex.org/W2131242794","https://openalex.org/W2170528665","https://openalex.org/W2267469130","https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W3151748982"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W120774220","https://openalex.org/W2966120688","https://openalex.org/W3091344552","https://openalex.org/W2960127789","https://openalex.org/W4386953084","https://openalex.org/W2979162004","https://openalex.org/W4285068968","https://openalex.org/W3114658934","https://openalex.org/W2996623661","https://openalex.org/W4287995944"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ethereum":[0,19],"is":[1,58,72],"a":[2,27,43],"framework":[3],"for":[4],"cryptocurrencies":[5],"which":[6],"uses":[7],"blockchain":[8],"technology":[9],"to":[10,50,59,86,106,134],"provide":[11],"an":[12,121,145],"open":[13],"global":[14],"computing":[15],"platform,":[16],"called":[17,46],"the":[18,53,87,99,131,142],"Virtual":[20],"Machine":[21],"(EVM).":[22],"EVM":[23,36,57,132],"executes":[24],"bytecode":[25],"on":[26,123],"simple":[28],"stack":[29],"machine.":[30],"Programmers":[31],"do":[32],"not":[33],"usually":[34],"write":[35],"code;":[37],"instead,":[38],"they":[39],"can":[40,81,96],"program":[41],"in":[42],"JavaScript-like":[44],"language,":[45],"Solidity,":[47],"that":[48,63,126],"compiles":[49],"bytecode.":[51],"Since":[52],"main":[54],"purpose":[55],"of":[56,73,89,102,110,130,139,144],"execute":[60],"smart":[61,79],"contracts":[62,80],"manage":[64],"and":[65,93,112],"transfer":[66,135],"digital":[67],"assets":[68],"(called":[69],"Ether),":[70],"security":[71],"paramount":[74],"importance.":[75],"However,":[76],"writing":[77],"secure":[78],"be":[82],"extremely":[83],"difficult:":[84],"due":[85],"openness":[88],"Ethereum,":[90],"both":[91],"programs":[92],"pseudonymous":[94],"users":[95],"call":[97],"into":[98,141],"public":[100],"methods":[101],"other":[103],"programs,":[104],"leading":[105],"potentially":[107],"dangerous":[108],"compositions":[109],"trusted":[111],"untrusted":[113],"code.":[114],"This":[115],"risk":[116],"was":[117],"recently":[118],"illustrated":[119],"by":[120],"attack":[122],"TheDAO":[124],"contract":[125],"exploited":[127],"subtle":[128],"details":[129],"semantics":[133],"roughly":[136],"$50M":[137],"worth":[138],"Ether":[140],"control":[143],"attacker.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":88},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":128},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":102},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2016-10-28T00:00:00"}