{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2607296094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2990503","title":"Trading Accuracy for Energy in Stochastic Circuit Design","display_name":"Trading Accuracy for Energy in Stochastic Circuit Design","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2607296094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2990503","mag":"2607296094"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2990503","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2990503","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038032703","display_name":"Armin Alaghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2055-6754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Armin Alaghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, Seattle, WA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, Seattle, WA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058532858","display_name":"Wei-Ting Jonas Chan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Ting J. Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101995490","display_name":"John P. Hayes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4747-492X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John P. Hayes","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073558386","display_name":"Andrew B. Kahng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4490-5018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew B. Kahng","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100454287","display_name":"Jiajia Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3420-9764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajia Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038032703"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7167,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72042015,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6900075674057007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.6333323121070862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.5689830780029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.5449416637420654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-voltage-scaling","display_name":"Dynamic voltage scaling","score":0.5390986204147339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5265614986419678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-computing","display_name":"Stochastic computing","score":0.5182406902313232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.510349452495575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4521583914756775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.43224990367889404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4034847021102905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3777567744255066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3345378637313843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1711898148059845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1486067771911621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1460185945034027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.10781654715538025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.0893021821975708}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6900075674057007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6333323121070862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.5689830780029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.5449416637420654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776047111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q632037","display_name":"Dynamic voltage scaling","level":3,"score":0.5390986204147339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5265614986419678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780971903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2933705","display_name":"Stochastic computing","level":3,"score":0.5182406902313232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.510349452495575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4521583914756775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.43224990367889404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4034847021102905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3777567744255066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3345378637313843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1711898148059845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1486067771911621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1460185945034027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.10781654715538025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0893021821975708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2990503","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2990503","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9200000166893005}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6162923730","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1318091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W434914829","https://openalex.org/W1928269836","https://openalex.org/W1981076008","https://openalex.org/W1982199193","https://openalex.org/W1984140971","https://openalex.org/W1988630495","https://openalex.org/W1989901939","https://openalex.org/W1992650325","https://openalex.org/W1993927936","https://openalex.org/W1996271793","https://openalex.org/W2011812901","https://openalex.org/W2014418082","https://openalex.org/W2014641782","https://openalex.org/W2015156619","https://openalex.org/W2019751845","https://openalex.org/W2020827807","https://openalex.org/W2024403501","https://openalex.org/W2027208482","https://openalex.org/W2027269053","https://openalex.org/W2032548797","https://openalex.org/W2042706933","https://openalex.org/W2051898848","https://openalex.org/W2055341514","https://openalex.org/W2077344647","https://openalex.org/W2082384543","https://openalex.org/W2082568343","https://openalex.org/W2095269804","https://openalex.org/W2098470668","https://openalex.org/W2099690171","https://openalex.org/W2101765144","https://openalex.org/W2104677471","https://openalex.org/W2114723472","https://openalex.org/W2114997074","https://openalex.org/W2116043630","https://openalex.org/W2116676915","https://openalex.org/W2116924811","https://openalex.org/W2118412406","https://openalex.org/W2127504564","https://openalex.org/W2128065014","https://openalex.org/W2143310750","https://openalex.org/W2144765857","https://openalex.org/W2147112599","https://openalex.org/W2151770284","https://openalex.org/W2203551074","https://openalex.org/W2208919638","https://openalex.org/W2294588935","https://openalex.org/W2296253867","https://openalex.org/W2531534636","https://openalex.org/W2626610348","https://openalex.org/W4236432903","https://openalex.org/W4243478178","https://openalex.org/W4251846933","https://openalex.org/W4300985142"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988630495","https://openalex.org/W4226092179","https://openalex.org/W4306791972","https://openalex.org/W4390846322","https://openalex.org/W3212867030","https://openalex.org/W2910319223","https://openalex.org/W2946056769","https://openalex.org/W1740594162","https://openalex.org/W4205483694","https://openalex.org/W4285818394"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"we":[1,83,101,151,180,214],"approach":[2,270],"the":[3,58,95,136,142,163,205,262,285,297,342,364,375],"limits":[4],"of":[5,97,147,210,219,267,374],"traditional":[6],"Moore\u2019s-Law":[7],"scaling,":[8,88],"alternative":[9,32],"computing":[10,20,25],"techniques":[11,198,247,252],"that":[12,53,70,103,157,193,216,313,387],"consume":[13],"energy":[14,73,92,126,298,348],"more":[15,242,306,356],"efficiently":[16],"become":[17],"attractive.":[18],"Stochastic":[19],"(SC),":[21],"as":[22,42,135],"a":[23,28,49,333,367],"re-emerging":[24],"technique,":[26],"is":[27,171,255,271,403],"low-cost":[29],"and":[30,45,176,195,230,237,294,353,390],"error-tolerant":[31],"to":[33,105,160,183,202,224,240,256,272,291,339,346,351,372,379,419],"conventional":[34,130,250,360],"binary":[35,131,361],"circuits":[36,69,111,132,186,317,377],"in":[37,57,277],"several":[38],"important":[39],"applications":[40],"such":[41,188],"image":[43],"processing":[44],"communications.":[46],"SC":[47,68,110,149,185,279,316,343,398],"allows":[48,158],"natural":[50],"accuracy-energy":[51,64,207],"tradeoff":[52,65,208,286],"has":[54],"been":[55],"exploited":[56],"past.":[59],"This":[60,122],"article":[61],"presents":[62],"an":[63,148,153],"technique":[66],"for":[67],"reduces":[71],"their":[72,106,125],"consumption":[74,93,259],"with":[75,119,323],"virtually":[76],"no":[77,324,380],"accuracy":[78,116],"loss.":[79],"To":[80,140],"this":[81],"end,":[82],"employ":[84],"voltage":[85,138,229,302,321,336],"or":[86,412],"frequency":[87,231,369],"which":[89],"normally":[90],"reduce":[91],"at":[94],"cost":[96],"timing":[98],"errors.":[99],"Then":[100],"show":[102,312,386],"due":[104,290],"inherent":[107],"error":[108,154,168,226,274,401],"tolerance,":[109],"operate":[112],"satisfactorily":[113],"without":[114],"significant":[115,225,325,381],"loss":[117],"even":[118],"aggressive":[120,189,320],"scaling.":[121,190,232],"significantly":[123,203],"improves":[124],"efficiency.":[127],"In":[128,212,330,363],"contrast,":[129],"quickly":[133,161],"fail":[134],"supply":[137,301,335],"decreases.":[139],"find":[141,192],"most":[143],"energy-efficient":[144],"operating":[145],"point":[146],"circuit,":[150],"propose":[152],"estimation":[155,169],"method":[156,170],"us":[159],"explore":[162],"circuit\u2019s":[164],"design":[165,197],"space.":[166],"The":[167,265,400],"based":[172],"on":[173,341,396],"Markov":[174],"chain":[175],"least-squares":[177],"regression.":[178],"Furthermore,":[179],"investigate":[181],"opportunities":[182],"optimize":[184],"under":[187,228],"We":[191,233,384],"logical":[194],"physical":[196],"can":[199,222,318],"be":[200],"combined":[201],"expand":[204],"already-powerful":[206],"possibilities":[209],"SC.":[211],"particular,":[213],"demonstrate":[215],"careful":[217],"adjustment":[218],"path":[220,244,308],"delays":[221],"lead":[223],"reduction":[227,299,337],"perform":[234],"buffer":[235],"insertion":[236],"route":[238],"detouring":[239],"achieve":[241],"balanced":[243,307],"delays.":[245,309],"These":[246],"differ":[248],"from":[249,300,416],"path-balancing":[251,269],"whose":[253],"goal":[254,266],"minimize":[257],"power":[258,288],"by":[260,305,410],"resizing":[261],"non-critical":[263],"paths.":[264],"our":[268,314],"increase":[273],"cancellation":[275],"chances":[276],"voltage-/frequency-scaled":[278],"circuits.":[280,399],"Our":[281],"circuit":[282,344],"optimization":[283],"comprehends":[284],"between":[287],"overheads":[289],"inserted":[292],"buffers":[293],"wires":[295],"versus":[296],"downscaling":[303],"enabled":[304],"Simulation":[310],"results":[311],"optimized":[315,376,397],"tolerate":[319],"scaling":[322],"signal-to-noise":[326],"ratio":[327],"(SNR)":[328],"degradation.":[329,383],"one":[331],"example,":[332,366],"40%":[334],"(1V":[338],"0.6V)":[340],"leads":[345,378],"66%":[347],"saving":[349],"(20.7pJ":[350],"6.9pJ)":[352],"makes":[354],"it":[355],"efficient":[357],"than":[358,405],"its":[359],"counterpart.":[362],"same":[365],"100%":[368],"boosting":[370],"(400ps":[371],"200ps)":[373],"SNR":[382],"also":[385],"process":[388,413],"variation":[389,392],"temperature":[391,408],"have":[393],"limited":[394],"impact":[395],"change":[402],"less":[404],"5%":[406],"when":[407],"changes":[409,415],"100\u00b0C":[411],"condition":[414],"worst":[417],"case":[418],"best":[420],"case.":[421]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
