{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2522214268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2987550.2987556","title":"Availability Knob","display_name":"Availability Knob","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2522214268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2987550.2987556","mag":"2522214268"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2987550.2987556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2987550.2987556","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2987556&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2987556&type=pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067453655","display_name":"Mohammad Shahrad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8214-9583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Shahrad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080019688","display_name":"David Wentzlaff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6337-5630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Wentzlaff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.1195,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97396978,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"42","last_page":"56"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.865031361579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6764646172523499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downtime","display_name":"Downtime","score":0.6326133608818054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profit","display_name":"Profit (economics)","score":0.58128821849823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-cause","display_name":"Root cause","score":0.4953547716140747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.47426140308380127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.4610103964805603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.33159011602401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.19786807894706726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1581188440322876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1060413122177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.10087510943412781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.08784729242324829}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.865031361579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6764646172523499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180591934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1253369","display_name":"Downtime","level":2,"score":0.6326133608818054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.58128821849823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84945661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7366567","display_name":"Root cause","level":2,"score":0.4953547716140747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.47426140308380127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.4610103964805603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.33159011602401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.19786807894706726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1581188440322876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1060413122177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.10087510943412781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.08784729242324829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2987550.2987556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2987550.2987556","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2987556&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2987550.2987556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2987550.2987556","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2987556&type=pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1002696229","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-14-1-0148","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1523888516","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1662078603","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N66001-14-1-4040","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2207703775","display_name":"CAREER: Commonality Exploiting Architectures for Energy Efficiency","funder_award_id":"1453112","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3365118269","display_name":"XPS: FULL: CCA: Collaborative Research: CASH: Cost-aware Adaptation of Software and Hardware","funder_award_id":"1438980","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3525413741","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1453112","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5516723993","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1217553, CCF-1453112, CCF-1438980","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5809100787","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA9550","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8780222095","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1217553","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G994008293","display_name":"SHF: Small: Redesigning Manycore Computer Architecture for the Mega-core Data Center","funder_award_id":"1217553","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2522214268.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2522214268.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W154256836","https://openalex.org/W1509697917","https://openalex.org/W1514045764","https://openalex.org/W1521655282","https://openalex.org/W1528965716","https://openalex.org/W1550347759","https://openalex.org/W1572904055","https://openalex.org/W1577021242","https://openalex.org/W1610958995","https://openalex.org/W1889824679","https://openalex.org/W1963853421","https://openalex.org/W1968736185","https://openalex.org/W1976623579","https://openalex.org/W1977660759","https://openalex.org/W1990792964","https://openalex.org/W2012078403","https://openalex.org/W2023755357","https://openalex.org/W2031513172","https://openalex.org/W2034987803","https://openalex.org/W2035009322","https://openalex.org/W2038901421","https://openalex.org/W2040422662","https://openalex.org/W2055281385","https://openalex.org/W2067410255","https://openalex.org/W2070963260","https://openalex.org/W2077583081","https://openalex.org/W2096611465","https://openalex.org/W2096993702","https://openalex.org/W2098152244","https://openalex.org/W2103759606","https://openalex.org/W2104710565","https://openalex.org/W2107559915","https://openalex.org/W2114296561","https://openalex.org/W2117277606","https://openalex.org/W2118676041","https://openalex.org/W2122249806","https://openalex.org/W2124767313","https://openalex.org/W2131629153","https://openalex.org/W2133921630","https://openalex.org/W2136005488","https://openalex.org/W2138509363","https://openalex.org/W2138744797","https://openalex.org/W2142812297","https://openalex.org/W2147504831","https://openalex.org/W2148508494","https://openalex.org/W2149085204","https://openalex.org/W2161234420","https://openalex.org/W2166901304","https://openalex.org/W2319471676","https://openalex.org/W2333603443","https://openalex.org/W2415209850","https://openalex.org/W2496902151","https://openalex.org/W2515683461","https://openalex.org/W2604258491","https://openalex.org/W2913264117","https://openalex.org/W3005168640","https://openalex.org/W3130784665","https://openalex.org/W4232911256","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4312520510"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3186763231","https://openalex.org/W2383532021","https://openalex.org/W2744989001","https://openalex.org/W2808531585","https://openalex.org/W2801886347","https://openalex.org/W4380607792","https://openalex.org/W2092161528","https://openalex.org/W4242289566","https://openalex.org/W4385451301","https://openalex.org/W3103361075"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Failure":[0],"is":[1],"inevitable":[2],"in":[3,52,66,170,182,235],"cloud":[4,23,72,82,117,242],"environments.":[5],"Finding":[6],"the":[7,53,57,70,81,145,225,233],"root":[8,146],"cause":[9,147,159],"of":[10,144,148,227],"a":[11,32,163,191],"failure":[12,149],"can":[13],"be":[14],"very":[15],"complex":[16],"or":[17],"at":[18],"times":[19],"nearly":[20],"impossible.":[21],"Different":[22],"customers":[24],"have":[25],"varying":[26],"availability":[27,51,65,79,123,230,236],"demands":[28],"as":[29,31,249,251],"well":[30],"diverse":[33],"willingness":[34],"to":[35,41,46,74,80,85,101,114,121,129,139,167,184,189,202,218,244],"pay":[36],"for":[37,78,208],"availability.":[38],"In":[39],"contrast":[40],"existing":[42,86],"solutions":[43,88],"that":[44,198],"try":[45],"provide":[47,190],"higher":[48,50],"and":[49,89,108,188,210,232],"cloud,":[54],"we":[55],"propose":[56],"Availability":[58],"Knob":[59],"(AK).":[60],"AK":[61,94,138,169,181,200],"provides":[62],"flexible,":[63],"user-defined,":[64],"IaaS":[67,71,116,172],"clouds,":[68],"allowing":[69],"customer":[73],"express":[75],"their":[76,246],"desire":[77],"provider.":[83],"Complementary":[84],"high-reliability":[87],"not":[90,135,228],"requiring":[91],"hardware":[92],"changes,":[93],"enables":[95,137,216],"more":[96,203],"efficient":[97],"markets.":[98],"This":[99],"leads":[100,201],"reduced":[102],"provider":[103,106],"costs,":[104],"increased":[105],"profit,":[107],"improved":[109],"user":[110,212],"satisfaction":[111],"when":[112],"compared":[113],"an":[115],"with":[118,141],"no":[119,142],"ability":[120],"convey":[122],"needs.":[124],"We":[125,161,178],"leverage":[126],"game":[127],"theory":[128],"derive":[130],"incentive":[131],"compatible":[132],"pricing,":[133],"which":[134],"only":[136],"function":[140,152],"knowledge":[143],"but":[150],"also":[151,179,215],"under":[153],"adversarial":[154],"situations":[155],"where":[156],"users":[157],"deliberately":[158],"downtime.":[160],"develop":[162],"high-level":[164],"stochastic":[165],"simulator":[166],"test":[168],"large-scale":[171],"clouds":[173],"over":[174],"long":[175],"time":[176],"periods.":[177],"prototype":[180],"OpenStack":[183],"explore":[185],"availability-API":[186],"tradeoffs":[187],"grounded,":[192],"real-world,":[193],"implementation.":[194],"Our":[195],"results":[196],"show":[197],"deploying":[199],"than":[204],"10%":[205],"cost":[206],"reduction":[207],"providers":[209,217,243],"improves":[211],"satisfaction.":[213],"It":[214],"set":[219],"variable":[220],"profit":[221,239,247],"margins":[222,240],"based":[223],"on":[224],"risk":[226],"meeting":[229],"guarantees":[231],"disparity":[234],"supply/demand.":[237],"Variable":[238],"enable":[241],"improve":[245],"by":[248],"much":[250],"20%.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-09-30T00:00:00"}
