{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2538426055","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2983323.2983805","title":"Agents, Simulated Users and Humans","display_name":"Agents, Simulated Users and Humans","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2538426055","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2983323.2983805","mag":"2538426055"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2983323.2983805","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2983323.2983805","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 25th ACM International on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070722958","display_name":"David Maxwell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8914-2448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Maxwell","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048218964","display_name":"Leif Azzopardi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6900-0557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leif Azzopardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070722958"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9713,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96310915,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"731","last_page":"740"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8045799136161804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-models-of-information-retrieval","display_name":"Cognitive models of information retrieval","score":0.5892931222915649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5869693756103516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5383419394493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.49509087204933167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agency","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","score":0.49237143993377686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4726506769657135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.43304020166397095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36180946230888367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine","display_name":"Search engine","score":0.33507436513900757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3148648738861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-information-retrieval","display_name":"Human\u2013computer information retrieval","score":0.2609706521034241}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8045799136161804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21025794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141219","display_name":"Cognitive models of information retrieval","level":4,"score":0.5892931222915649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5869693756103516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5383419394493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.49509087204933167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.49237143993377686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4726506769657135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.43304020166397095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36180946230888367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.33507436513900757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3148648738861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90288658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3318149","display_name":"Human\u2013computer information retrieval","level":3,"score":0.2609706521034241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2983323.2983805","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2983323.2983805","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 25th ACM International on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:183472","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Proceedings"},{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:58955","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/835919.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G607439203","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1367507","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7465363514","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECOST-STSM-IC1002-080914-049840","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320366","funder_display_name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314707","display_name":"Government of the United Kingdom","ror":"https://ror.org/05wnh3t63"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320366","display_name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01bstzn19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8513375","https://openalex.org/W40914139","https://openalex.org/W135190683","https://openalex.org/W222747623","https://openalex.org/W1493526108","https://openalex.org/W1524366219","https://openalex.org/W1534076377","https://openalex.org/W1547082571","https://openalex.org/W1597521809","https://openalex.org/W1754974250","https://openalex.org/W1835718723","https://openalex.org/W1964729842","https://openalex.org/W1964975368","https://openalex.org/W1970941734","https://openalex.org/W1977301265","https://openalex.org/W1980104409","https://openalex.org/W1983393135","https://openalex.org/W1985709675","https://openalex.org/W2006784401","https://openalex.org/W2020584988","https://openalex.org/W2024720850","https://openalex.org/W2024963031","https://openalex.org/W2029860830","https://openalex.org/W2037140704","https://openalex.org/W2039847928","https://openalex.org/W2040638623","https://openalex.org/W2045607701","https://openalex.org/W2047221353","https://openalex.org/W2055007736","https://openalex.org/W2059120814","https://openalex.org/W2066584379","https://openalex.org/W2069870183","https://openalex.org/W2083343588","https://openalex.org/W2083808574","https://openalex.org/W2087499664","https://openalex.org/W2094692697","https://openalex.org/W2095929692","https://openalex.org/W2096249996","https://openalex.org/W2097166075","https://openalex.org/W2099048704","https://openalex.org/W2105157020","https://openalex.org/W2106630408","https://openalex.org/W2119859154","https://openalex.org/W2120966432","https://openalex.org/W2125596620","https://openalex.org/W2134440707","https://openalex.org/W2140619391","https://openalex.org/W2145732224","https://openalex.org/W2146269134","https://openalex.org/W2148545726","https://openalex.org/W2150937237","https://openalex.org/W2158222053","https://openalex.org/W2159665776","https://openalex.org/W2161256997","https://openalex.org/W2162077280","https://openalex.org/W2165152490","https://openalex.org/W2270593706","https://openalex.org/W2405834411","https://openalex.org/W2465191537","https://openalex.org/W2950577311","https://openalex.org/W4302322961","https://openalex.org/W4387556195"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3167258865","https://openalex.org/W4210357677","https://openalex.org/W2094117429","https://openalex.org/W1564472341","https://openalex.org/W2895523957","https://openalex.org/W2213259971","https://openalex.org/W2899687574","https://openalex.org/W2323552265","https://openalex.org/W2007963090","https://openalex.org/W2349281395"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"of":[1,50,80,108,116,150,191,212,221,244],"the":[2,32,37,51,59,68,97,106,114,117,133,189,192,210,219,242],"current":[3,100],"models":[4,21],"that":[5,53,146],"are":[6,92],"used":[7],"to":[8,31,88,177,228],"simulate":[9],"users":[10,119,152,198],"in":[11,25,194],"Interactive":[12],"Information":[13],"Retrieval":[14],"(IIR)":[15],"lack":[16],"realism":[17],"and":[18,74,85,120,126,140,153,226,231,246,263,269],"agency.":[19],"Such":[20],"generally":[22],"make":[23],"decisions":[24],"a":[26,46,204],"stochastic":[27],"manner,":[28],"without":[29],"recourse":[30],"actual":[33,167,181],"information":[34,39],"encountered":[35],"or":[36,90],"underlying":[38],"need.":[40],"In":[41,105],"this":[42],"paper,":[43],"we":[44,112],"develop":[45],"more":[47,170,179,213,222],"sophisticated":[48,171],"model":[49],"user":[52,70],"includes":[54],"their":[55,124,160],"cognitive":[56,62,224],"state":[57,63,190],"within":[58],"simulation.":[60],"The":[61],"maintains":[64],"data":[65],"about":[66],"what":[67,81],"simulated":[69,98,118,151,197],"knows,":[71],"has":[72,75],"done":[73],"seen,":[76],"along":[77],"with":[78],"representations":[79],"it":[82],"considers":[83],"attractive":[84],"relevant.":[86],"Decisions":[87],"inspect":[89],"judge":[91],"then":[93],"made":[94],"based":[95],"upon":[96],"user's":[99],"state,":[101],"rather":[102],"than":[103],"stochastically.":[104],"context":[107],"ad-hoc":[109],"topic":[110,251],"retrieval,":[111,252],"evaluate":[113],"quality":[115],"agents":[121,154,173,225,249,259],"by":[122],"comparing":[123],"behaviour":[125,162],"performance":[127],"against":[128],"48":[129],"human":[130,158,233],"subjects":[131],"under":[132],"same":[134],"conditions,":[135],"topics,":[136],"time":[137],"constraints,":[138],"costs":[139],"search":[141,161,172,268],"engine.":[142],"Our":[143],"findings":[144],"show":[145],"while":[147,216],"naive":[148],"configurations":[149],"substantially":[155],"outperform":[156],"our":[157],"subjects,":[159],"is":[163],"notably":[164],"different":[165],"from":[166,196],"searchers.":[168,234],"However,":[169],"can":[174],"be":[175],"tuned":[176],"act":[178],"like":[180],"searchers":[182],"providing":[183],"greater":[184],"realism.":[185],"This":[186],"innovation":[187],"advances":[188],"art":[193],"simulation,":[195],"towards":[199],"autonomous":[200],"agents.":[201],"It":[202],"provides":[203],"much":[205],"needed":[206],"step":[207],"forward":[208],"enabling":[209],"creation":[211],"realistic":[214],"simulations,":[215],"also":[217,255],"motivating":[218],"development":[220],"advanced":[223],"tools":[227],"help":[229],"support":[230],"augment":[232],"Future":[235],"work":[236],"will":[237,254],"focus":[238],"not":[239],"only":[240],"on":[241],"pragmatics":[243],"tuning":[245],"training":[247],"such":[248,265],"for":[250,260],"but":[253],"look":[256],"at":[257],"developing":[258],"other":[261],"tasks":[262],"contexts":[264],"as":[266],"collaborative":[267],"slow":[270],"search.":[271]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
