{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2535029869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2976749.2978408","title":"On the Instability of Bitcoin Without the Block Reward","display_name":"On the Instability of Bitcoin Without the Block Reward","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2535029869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2976749.2978408","mag":"2535029869"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2976749.2978408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2976749.2978408","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029853470","display_name":"Miles Carlsten","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800565835","display_name":"Princeton Public Schools","ror":"https://ror.org/041m1e551","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800565835"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Miles Carlsten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton, Princeton, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton, Princeton, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800565835"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049259089","display_name":"Harry Kalodner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800565835","display_name":"Princeton Public Schools","ror":"https://ror.org/041m1e551","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800565835"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harry Kalodner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton, Princeton, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton, Princeton, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800565835"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075388037","display_name":"S. Matthew Weinberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7744-795X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800565835","display_name":"Princeton Public Schools","ror":"https://ror.org/041m1e551","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800565835"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Matthew Weinberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton, Princeton, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton, Princeton, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800565835"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058102069","display_name":"Arvind Narayanan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7176-4479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800565835","display_name":"Princeton Public Schools","ror":"https://ror.org/041m1e551","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800565835"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arvind Narayanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton, Princeton, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton, Princeton, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800565835"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029853470"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800565835"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":77.6394,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":339,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99930763,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"154","last_page":"167"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.9754999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.957099974155426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.7593221664428711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.7473766803741455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.6844630241394043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/revenue","display_name":"Revenue","score":0.6619288325309753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.4577779173851013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.41614145040512085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3909696340560913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3894234001636505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.335326611995697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.28225475549697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.116597980260849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.09526568651199341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.08819669485092163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.06019902229309082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.7593221664428711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.7473766803741455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.6844630241394043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.6619288325309753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.4577779173851013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.41614145040512085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3909696340560913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3894234001636505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.335326611995697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.28225475549697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.116597980260849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09526568651199341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.08819669485092163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.06019902229309082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2976749.2978408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2976749.2978408","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5241638929","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS 1421689","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W13439346","https://openalex.org/W151187442","https://openalex.org/W1175656452","https://openalex.org/W1454642304","https://openalex.org/W1523833175","https://openalex.org/W1581121707","https://openalex.org/W1820692873","https://openalex.org/W1851144268","https://openalex.org/W2073242866","https://openalex.org/W2075144441","https://openalex.org/W2077902449","https://openalex.org/W2093825590","https://openalex.org/W2126776273","https://openalex.org/W2150865801","https://openalex.org/W2188530018","https://openalex.org/W2207823432","https://openalex.org/W2295506186","https://openalex.org/W2465219533","https://openalex.org/W2614151058","https://openalex.org/W2886706106","https://openalex.org/W2998446700","https://openalex.org/W3021703980","https://openalex.org/W3121623625","https://openalex.org/W4248175462"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2367468089","https://openalex.org/W2358591856","https://openalex.org/W2098133976","https://openalex.org/W2347416728","https://openalex.org/W2468219149","https://openalex.org/W2974100988","https://openalex.org/W2215702767","https://openalex.org/W4388137405","https://openalex.org/W1986097177","https://openalex.org/W2567150521"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bitcoin":[0],"provides":[1],"two":[2],"incentives":[3],"for":[4,14],"miners:":[5],"block":[6,38,53,65],"rewards":[7,39,54],"and":[8],"transaction":[9,56],"fees.":[10],"The":[11],"former":[12],"accounts":[13],"the":[15,22,25,34,37,61,64],"vast":[16],"majority":[17],"of":[18,24,63],"miner":[19],"revenues":[20],"at":[21],"beginning":[23],"system,":[26],"but":[27],"it":[28],"is":[29],"expected":[30],"to":[31,33],"transition":[32],"latter":[35],"as":[36],"dwindle.":[40],"There":[41],"has":[42],"been":[43],"an":[44],"implicit":[45],"belief":[46],"that":[47],"whether":[48],"miners":[49],"are":[50],"paid":[51],"by":[52],"or":[55],"fees":[57],"does":[58],"not":[59],"affect":[60],"security":[62],"chain.":[66]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":61},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-31T07:56:22.981413","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}