{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2536325433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2976749.2978341","title":"On the Security and Performance of Proof of Work Blockchains","display_name":"On the Security and Performance of Proof of Work Blockchains","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2536325433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2976749.2978341","mag":"2536325433"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2976749.2978341","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2976749.2978341","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063253761","display_name":"Arthur Gervais","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3565-3410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arthur Gervais","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059087800","display_name":"Ghassan Karame","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2828-4071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164122","display_name":"NEC (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hxss661","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347220","https://openalex.org/I4210164122"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghassan O. Karame","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Laboratories, Heidelberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Laboratories, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164122"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065877761","display_name":"Karl W\u00fcst","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6000-3009"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karl W\u00fcst","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071187022","display_name":"Vasileios Glykantzis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vasileios Glykantzis","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005473892","display_name":"Hubert Ritzdorf","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hubert Ritzdorf","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077290467","display_name":"Sr\u0111jan \u010capkun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5727-3673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Srdjan Capkun","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063253761"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":276.0108,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1604,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99990138,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9672999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9488999843597412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-work-system","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","score":0.8837733864784241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.8226948976516724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7074913382530212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.6256916522979736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6134319305419922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.5701258778572083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-concept","display_name":"Proof of concept","score":0.521796703338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-capitalization","display_name":"Market capitalization","score":0.48063817620277405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capitalization","display_name":"Capitalization","score":0.4749431908130646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4735400080680847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.17298850417137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11675724387168884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.0893963873386383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stock-market","display_name":"Stock market","score":0.07162445783615112}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123436394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249984","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","level":3,"score":0.8837733864784241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.8226948976516724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7074913382530212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.6256916522979736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6134319305419922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5701258778572083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124978682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201019","display_name":"Proof of concept","level":2,"score":0.521796703338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193445137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471719","display_name":"Market capitalization","level":4,"score":0.48063817620277405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779137862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425951","display_name":"Capitalization","level":2,"score":0.4749431908130646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4735400080680847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.17298850417137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11675724387168884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0893963873386383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780299701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q475000","display_name":"Stock market","level":3,"score":0.07162445783615112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780762169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5905368","display_name":"Horse","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2976749.2978341","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2976749.2978341","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W851575271","https://openalex.org/W1523833175","https://openalex.org/W1593596963","https://openalex.org/W1851144268","https://openalex.org/W1995488889","https://openalex.org/W2021146938","https://openalex.org/W2057248704","https://openalex.org/W2058897176","https://openalex.org/W2095417570","https://openalex.org/W2126087831","https://openalex.org/W2181397138","https://openalex.org/W2295940006","https://openalex.org/W2314730948","https://openalex.org/W2486460265","https://openalex.org/W2511446761","https://openalex.org/W2886706106","https://openalex.org/W2950226614","https://openalex.org/W2963517786","https://openalex.org/W3029601907"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312475206","https://openalex.org/W4388027506","https://openalex.org/W2899359367","https://openalex.org/W4248247931","https://openalex.org/W4224304430","https://openalex.org/W2600340978","https://openalex.org/W4285133732","https://openalex.org/W4237285437","https://openalex.org/W3198856977","https://openalex.org/W2913682208"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Proof":[0],"of":[1,12,17,25,34,61],"Work":[2],"(PoW)":[3],"powered":[4],"blockchains":[5,38],"currently":[6],"account":[7],"for":[8],"more":[9],"than":[10],"90%":[11],"the":[13,22,31,51,55],"total":[14],"market":[15],"capitalization":[16],"existing":[18,58],"digital":[19],"cryptocurrencies.":[20],"Although":[21],"security":[23,32,59],"provisions":[24],"Bitcoin":[26],"have":[27,45,69],"been":[28,70],"thoroughly":[29],"analysed,":[30],"guarantees":[33],"variant":[35],"(forked)":[36],"PoW":[37,63],"(which":[39],"were":[40],"instantiated":[41,71],"with":[42,72],"different":[43,73],"parameters)":[44],"not":[46],"received":[47],"much":[48],"attention":[49],"in":[50],"literature.":[52],"This":[53],"opens":[54],"question":[56],"whether":[57],"analysis":[60],"Bitcoin's":[62],"applies":[64],"to":[65],"other":[66],"implementations":[67],"which":[68],"consensus":[74],"and/or":[75],"network":[76],"parameters.":[77]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":121},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":186},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":191},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":178},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":272},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":229},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":227},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":120},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-02T08:42:23.175194","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}