{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2507200569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2971648.2971658","title":"WiDir","display_name":"WiDir","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2507200569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2971648.2971658","mag":"2507200569"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2971648.2971658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2971648.2971658","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054108953","display_name":"Dan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1740-7440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education, Beijing, China and Peking University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Beijing, China and Peking University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045729966","display_name":"Daqing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6608-1267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daqing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education, Beijing, China and Peking University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Beijing, China and Peking University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003999919","display_name":"Chenren Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9171-2596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenren Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University, China ana Peking University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, China ana Peking University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024265470","display_name":"Yasha Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasha Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University, China and Peking University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, China and Peking University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080102032","display_name":"Hao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7594-7387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Education, Beijing, China and Peking University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, Beijing, China and Peking University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":201,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"351","last_page":"362"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8003756999969482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.6351737976074219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5457051396369934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5432689189910889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.5317427515983582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.517287015914917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4814800024032593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-concept","display_name":"Proof of concept","score":0.4562791585922241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.42919713258743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.383217453956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.30311623215675354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.16120362281799316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8003756999969482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.6351737976074219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5457051396369934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5432689189910889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.5317427515983582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.517287015914917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4814800024032593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124978682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201019","display_name":"Proof of concept","level":2,"score":0.4562791585922241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.42919713258743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.383217453956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.30311623215675354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.16120362281799316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2971648.2971658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2971648.2971658","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2381425","https://openalex.org/W60514381","https://openalex.org/W572790999","https://openalex.org/W1544649748","https://openalex.org/W1599059629","https://openalex.org/W1666724740","https://openalex.org/W1974371521","https://openalex.org/W1977986674","https://openalex.org/W1983301216","https://openalex.org/W1984027569","https://openalex.org/W1984170608","https://openalex.org/W1989115430","https://openalex.org/W1989207420","https://openalex.org/W1989259731","https://openalex.org/W2002475595","https://openalex.org/W2014758824","https://openalex.org/W2016095118","https://openalex.org/W2032306167","https://openalex.org/W2039298496","https://openalex.org/W2039506494","https://openalex.org/W2046128267","https://openalex.org/W2046282162","https://openalex.org/W2046317813","https://openalex.org/W2054642006","https://openalex.org/W2064081294","https://openalex.org/W2073718740","https://openalex.org/W2089695767","https://openalex.org/W2095396347","https://openalex.org/W2100045669","https://openalex.org/W2106226434","https://openalex.org/W2109622017","https://openalex.org/W2113281041","https://openalex.org/W2118975298","https://openalex.org/W2124773381","https://openalex.org/W2126300356","https://openalex.org/W2128190945","https://openalex.org/W2141336889","https://openalex.org/W2145417574","https://openalex.org/W2150823344","https://openalex.org/W2151034334","https://openalex.org/W2164692160","https://openalex.org/W2164915133","https://openalex.org/W2165381982","https://openalex.org/W2172292165","https://openalex.org/W2294724112","https://openalex.org/W2340862004","https://openalex.org/W2951510884","https://openalex.org/W3102026917","https://openalex.org/W3105241699"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2376969857","https://openalex.org/W2110252992","https://openalex.org/W614679600","https://openalex.org/W2365309764","https://openalex.org/W2025635845","https://openalex.org/W2185486561","https://openalex.org/W2162082378","https://openalex.org/W2100927906","https://openalex.org/W2544181819","https://openalex.org/W2049009135"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"its":[1],"importance,":[2],"walking":[3,71,111,139],"direction":[4,140],"is":[5],"still":[6],"a":[7,11,69,74,115,142],"key":[8],"context":[9],"lacking":[10],"cost-effective":[12],"and":[13,42,51,83,108,122,128],"continuous":[14],"solution":[15],"that":[16,62,134],"people":[17],"can":[18,136],"access":[19],"in":[20,48,73,125],"indoor":[21],"environments.":[22,130],"Recently,":[23],"device-free":[24,75],"sensing":[25],"has":[26],"attracted":[27],"great":[28],"attention":[29],"because":[30],"these":[31],"techniques":[32],"do":[33],"not":[34],"require":[35],"the":[36,59,80,90,95,110],"user":[37],"to":[38,67],"carry":[39],"any":[40],"device":[41],"hence":[43],"could":[44],"enable":[45],"many":[46],"applications":[47],"smart":[49],"homes":[50],"offices.":[52],"In":[53],"this":[54],"paper,":[55],"we":[56],"present":[57],"WiDir,":[58],"first":[60],"system":[61],"leverages":[63],"WiFi":[64,85,101,120],"wireless":[65],"signals":[66],"estimate":[68,137],"human's":[70],"direction,":[72],"manner.":[76],"Human":[77],"motion":[78],"changes":[79],"multipath":[81],"distribution":[82],"thus":[84],"Channel":[86],"State":[87],"Information":[88],"at":[89],"receiver":[91],"end.":[92],"WiDir":[93,135],"analyzes":[94],"phase":[96],"change":[97],"dynamics":[98],"from":[99],"multiple":[100],"subcarriers":[102],"based":[103],"on":[104],"Fresnel":[105],"zone":[106],"model":[107],"infers":[109],"direction.":[112],"We":[113],"implement":[114],"proof-of-concept":[116],"prototype":[117],"using":[118],"commercial":[119],"devices":[121],"evaluate":[123],"it":[124],"both":[126],"home":[127],"office":[129],"Experimental":[131],"results":[132],"show":[133],"human":[138],"with":[141],"median":[143],"error":[144],"of":[145],"less":[146],"than":[147],"10":[148],"degrees.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2016-09-16T00:00:00"}
