{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2430362266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2951913.2951940","title":"Refinement through restraint: bringing down the cost of verification","display_name":"Refinement through restraint: bringing down the cost of verification","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-08-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2430362266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2951913.2951940","mag":"2430362266"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2951913.2951940","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2951913.2951940","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/unsworks_43148","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091677658","display_name":"Liam O\u2019Connor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2765-4269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liam O'Connor","raw_affiliation_strings":["UNSW, Australia / Data61, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNSW, Australia / Data61, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101640934","display_name":"Zilin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0854-2464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zilin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["UNSW, Australia / Data61, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNSW, Australia / Data61, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019489999","display_name":"Christine Rizkallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4785-2836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36788626","display_name":"California University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/01spssf70","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christine Rizkallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36788626"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063087445","display_name":"Sidney Amani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sidney Amani","raw_affiliation_strings":["UNSW, Australia / Data61, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNSW, Australia / Data61, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029361703","display_name":"Japheth Lim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Japheth Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data61, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data61, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043210393","display_name":"Toby Murray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8271-0289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toby Murray","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Melbourne, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088454445","display_name":"Yutaka Nagashima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6693-5325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yutaka Nagashima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data61, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data61, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036639723","display_name":"Thomas Sewell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4891-0797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Sewell","raw_affiliation_strings":["UNSW, Australia / Data61, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNSW, Australia / Data61, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056561099","display_name":"Gerwin Klein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8883-0559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerwin Klein","raw_affiliation_strings":["UNSW, Australia / Data61, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNSW, Australia / Data61, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091677658"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6459,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96771346,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"89","last_page":"102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.8438175916671753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8329970240592957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hol","display_name":"HOL","score":0.8155708312988281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.7245959043502808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-proof","display_name":"Mathematical proof","score":0.5785151720046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-theorem-proving","display_name":"Automated theorem proving","score":0.5414753556251526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.4934329092502594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.4750352203845978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-generation","display_name":"Code generation","score":0.43839797377586365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.32498854398727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1064019501209259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07520157098770142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.07186374068260193}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.8438175916671753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8329970240592957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17435882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17030435","display_name":"HOL","level":2,"score":0.8155708312988281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.7245959043502808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.5785151720046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206880738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431667","display_name":"Automated theorem proving","level":2,"score":0.5414753556251526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.4934329092502594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4750352203845978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.43839797377586365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.32498854398727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1064019501209259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07520157098770142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.07186374068260193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2951913.2951940","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2951913.2951940","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:unsworks.unsw.edu.au:1959.4/unsworks_43148","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/unsworks_43148","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196481","display_name":"UNSWorks (UNSW Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","host_organization_name":"UNSW Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:unsworks.library.unsw.edu.au:1959.4/unsworks_43148","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_43148","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401737","display_name":"UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40053085","host_organization_name":"Australian Defence Force Academy","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40053085"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Conference on Functional Programming, Nara, Japan, 2016-09-19 - 2016-09-21","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_5794"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:unsworks.unsw.edu.au:1959.4/unsworks_43148","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/unsworks_43148","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196481","display_name":"UNSWorks (UNSW Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","host_organization_name":"UNSW Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W14193191","https://openalex.org/W81956812","https://openalex.org/W266135116","https://openalex.org/W1508514069","https://openalex.org/W1508641834","https://openalex.org/W1515508441","https://openalex.org/W1555216982","https://openalex.org/W1557561422","https://openalex.org/W1799755858","https://openalex.org/W1967019306","https://openalex.org/W1998070736","https://openalex.org/W1998669042","https://openalex.org/W2006731094","https://openalex.org/W2013532785","https://openalex.org/W2017274604","https://openalex.org/W2023035194","https://openalex.org/W2045983162","https://openalex.org/W2066997989","https://openalex.org/W2073742357","https://openalex.org/W2091859505","https://openalex.org/W2095770127","https://openalex.org/W2103953153","https://openalex.org/W2108365678","https://openalex.org/W2126823808","https://openalex.org/W2127321265","https://openalex.org/W2129695855","https://openalex.org/W2130970533","https://openalex.org/W2136310957","https://openalex.org/W2142837069","https://openalex.org/W2143661661","https://openalex.org/W2145029935","https://openalex.org/W2146530476","https://openalex.org/W2163347957","https://openalex.org/W2165594098","https://openalex.org/W2181293862","https://openalex.org/W2195119025","https://openalex.org/W2412986331","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W2912106379","https://openalex.org/W2914982603","https://openalex.org/W3005174853","https://openalex.org/W3102045914","https://openalex.org/W4232666937","https://openalex.org/W4247464325","https://openalex.org/W4250850800"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1581380057","https://openalex.org/W3098927713","https://openalex.org/W1819460135","https://openalex.org/W2534028225","https://openalex.org/W4295798319","https://openalex.org/W1497011154","https://openalex.org/W4206694237","https://openalex.org/W2724703556","https://openalex.org/W3196544792","https://openalex.org/W1504680642"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"a":[2,38,54,91,120,129,139,176],"framework":[3,22,113],"aimed":[4],"at":[5],"significantly":[6],"reducing":[7],"the":[8,51,69,142,154,166],"cost":[9],"of":[10,14,133,157,170,178],"verifying":[11],"certain":[12],"classes":[13],"systems":[15,28,159],"software,":[16],"such":[17],"as":[18],"file":[19],"systems.":[20],"Our":[21,112],"allows":[23],"for":[24,53,74,83],"equational":[25,84],"reasoning":[26,85],"about":[27,153],"code":[29,77,144,160],"written":[30],"in":[31,136,192],"our":[32,124],"new":[33],"language,":[34,93],"Cogent.":[35],"Cogent":[36,89,122],"is":[37,90,95,114,175],"restricted,":[39],"polymorphic,":[40],"higher-order,":[41],"and":[42,49,79,86,104,138,162,168,181],"purely":[43],"functional":[44],"language":[45],"with":[46,100],"linear":[47],"types":[48,61],"without":[50],"need":[52],"trusted":[55],"runtime":[56],"or":[57],"garbage":[58],"collector.":[59],"Linear":[60],"allow":[62],"us":[63],"to":[64,68,97,105,107],"assign":[65],"two":[66],"semantics":[67,135,156],"language:":[70],"one":[71,80,150,188],"imperative,":[72],"suitable":[73,82],"efficient":[75],"C":[76,102,109,127,143],"generation;":[78],"functional,":[81],"verification.":[87],"As":[88],"restricted":[92],"it":[94],"designed":[96],"easily":[98],"interoperate":[99],"existing":[101,108],"functions":[103],"connect":[106],"verification":[110],"frameworks.":[111],"based":[115],"on":[116],"certifying":[117],"compilation:":[118],"For":[119],"well-typed":[121],"program,":[123],"compiler":[125,173],"produces":[126],"code,":[128],"high-level":[130],"shallow":[131],"embedding":[132],"its":[134],"Isabelle/HOL,":[137],"proof":[140],"that":[141],"correctly":[145],"refines":[146],"this":[147],"embedding.":[148],"Thus":[149],"can":[151],"reason":[152],"full":[155],"real-world":[158],"productively":[161],"equationally,":[163],"while":[164],"retaining":[165],"interoperability":[167],"leanness":[169],"C.":[171],"The":[172],"certificate":[174],"series":[177],"language-level":[179],"proofs":[180],"per-program":[182],"translation":[183],"validation":[184],"phases,":[185],"combined":[186],"into":[187],"coherent":[189],"top-level":[190],"theorem":[191],"Isabelle/HOL.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-08T08:50:53.379069","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}