{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2996075572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2951913.2951915","title":"Dynamic witnesses for static type errors (or, ill-typed programs usually go wrong)","display_name":"Dynamic witnesses for static type errors (or, ill-typed programs usually go wrong)","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-08-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2996075572","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2951913.2951915","mag":"2996075572"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2951913.2951915","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2951913.2951915","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084805025","display_name":"Eric L. Seidel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2529-7790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eric L. Seidel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at San Diego, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002412544","display_name":"Ranjit Jhala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1802-9421"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ranjit Jhala","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at San Diego, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083601969","display_name":"Westley Weimer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6749-2204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Westley Weimer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084805025"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.2861,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97553275,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"228","last_page":"242"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/witness","display_name":"Witness","score":0.8422911167144775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterexample","display_name":"Counterexample","score":0.8046688437461853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.7962512969970703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7719097137451172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-analysis","display_name":"Static analysis","score":0.507515549659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.504714846611023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/call-graph","display_name":"Call graph","score":0.4925912022590637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type","display_name":"Type (biology)","score":0.4835814833641052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.47944656014442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.46975234150886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.44356417655944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4371032416820526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35031893849372864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14421436190605164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.11804303526878357}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776900844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8028383","display_name":"Witness","level":2,"score":0.8422911167144775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162838799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596077","display_name":"Counterexample","level":2,"score":0.8046688437461853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.7962512969970703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7719097137451172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97686452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604153","display_name":"Static analysis","level":2,"score":0.507515549659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.504714846611023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102379954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2589940","display_name":"Call graph","level":2,"score":0.4925912022590637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4835814833641052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.47944656014442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.46975234150886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44356417655944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4371032416820526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35031893849372864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14421436190605164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.11804303526878357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2951913.2951915","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2951913.2951915","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1227595983","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1422471,CCF-1223850,CCF-1218344,CCF-1116289,CCF-0954024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3743283427","display_name":"TWC: Small: New Foundations for Secure JavaScript","funder_award_id":"1223850","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6644523292","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-121834","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6968285365","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750-15-2-0075","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332467","funder_display_name":"U.S. Air Force"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8154076970","display_name":"SHF: Small: Next-Generation, Dependent Type-based Software Model Checking for C","funder_award_id":"1218344","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8470577276","display_name":"SHF: Small: Synthesizing Human-Readable Documentation","funder_award_id":"1116289","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8826023445","display_name":"SHF: Small: Refinement Types For Verified Web Frameworks and Applications","funder_award_id":"1422471","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8870064674","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1116289","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G929188008","display_name":"CAREER:  Scalable and Trustworthy Automatic Program Repair","funder_award_id":"0954024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G930562400","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-0954024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308943","display_name":"Microsoft Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332467","display_name":"U.S. Air Force","ror":"https://ror.org/006gmme17"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W33252908","https://openalex.org/W315983254","https://openalex.org/W1489462846","https://openalex.org/W1518650316","https://openalex.org/W1568497055","https://openalex.org/W1710734607","https://openalex.org/W1967698620","https://openalex.org/W1971373556","https://openalex.org/W1975879668","https://openalex.org/W2006631720","https://openalex.org/W2011725693","https://openalex.org/W2026790447","https://openalex.org/W2029976661","https://openalex.org/W2037037228","https://openalex.org/W2045041259","https://openalex.org/W2050968492","https://openalex.org/W2056557620","https://openalex.org/W2068336423","https://openalex.org/W2086055875","https://openalex.org/W2096001571","https://openalex.org/W2096449544","https://openalex.org/W2107709519","https://openalex.org/W2114692640","https://openalex.org/W2115447277","https://openalex.org/W2115875619","https://openalex.org/W2119717320","https://openalex.org/W2122537103","https://openalex.org/W2124354055","https://openalex.org/W2134093956","https://openalex.org/W2153222072","https://openalex.org/W2162295022","https://openalex.org/W2163976959","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2168280960","https://openalex.org/W2170257749","https://openalex.org/W2171269531","https://openalex.org/W2172260321","https://openalex.org/W2215196193","https://openalex.org/W2467676678","https://openalex.org/W2488899953","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W3021916629","https://openalex.org/W4230662430","https://openalex.org/W4237492309","https://openalex.org/W4244488020","https://openalex.org/W6631265401","https://openalex.org/W6685397617"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3089825636","https://openalex.org/W1567493346","https://openalex.org/W2913797084","https://openalex.org/W2401085479","https://openalex.org/W2527850347","https://openalex.org/W4300962513","https://openalex.org/W2120071210","https://openalex.org/W3003055204","https://openalex.org/W4387982387","https://openalex.org/W2135849267"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Static":[0],"type":[1,21,165,180],"errors":[2,22,181],"are":[3],"a":[4,16,67,98,176,186],"common":[5],"stumbling":[6],"block":[7],"for":[8,72,137,149],"newcomers":[9],"to":[10,19,46,91,96,105,134],"typed":[11],"functional":[12],"languages.":[13],"We":[14,56],"present":[15],"dynamic":[17],"approach":[18,119],"explaining":[20],"by":[23],"generating":[24],"counterexample":[25],"witness":[26,48,68,110],"inputs":[27],"that":[28,50,58,65,80,101,169],"illustrate":[29],"how":[30,90],"an":[31,38],"ill-typed":[32,39,127],"program":[33,53],"goes":[34],"wrong.":[35,55,86],"First,":[36],"given":[37],"function,":[40],"we":[41,88,113,155],"symbolically":[42],"execute":[43],"the":[44,52,83,93,115,140,152],"body":[45],"synthesize":[47],"values":[49,79],"make":[51,82],"go":[54,85],"prove":[57],"our":[59,118,143,158,173],"procedure":[60,95],"synthesizes":[61],"general":[62],"witnesses":[63,136,159,174],"in":[64],"if":[66],"is":[69,132],"found,":[70],"then":[71],"all":[73],"inhabited":[74],"input":[75],"types,":[76],"there":[77],"exist":[78],"can":[81,102],"function":[84],"Second,":[87],"show":[89,175],"extend":[92],"above":[94],"produce":[97],"reduction":[99,144],"graph":[100,145],"be":[103],"used":[104],"interactively":[106],"visualize":[107],"and":[108,142,163,167],"debug":[109],"executions.":[111],"Third,":[112],"evaluate":[114,156],"coverage":[116],"of":[117,139,151,179],"on":[120],"two":[121],"data":[122],"sets":[123],"comprising":[124],"over":[125],"4,500":[126],"student":[128],"programs.":[129],"Our":[130],"technique":[131],"able":[133],"generate":[135],"88%":[138],"programs,":[141],"yields":[146],"small":[147],"counterexamples":[148],"81%":[150],"witnesses.":[153],"Finally,":[154],"whether":[157],"help":[160],"students":[161,170],"understand":[162],"fix":[164],"errors,":[166],"find":[168],"presented":[171,184],"with":[172,185],"greater":[177],"understanding":[178],"than":[182],"those":[183],"standard":[187],"error":[188],"message.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}