{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2494717231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2945292.2945322","title":"A novel level-of-detail technique for virtual city environments","display_name":"A novel level-of-detail technique for virtual city environments","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2494717231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2945292.2945322","mag":"2494717231"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2945292.2945322","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2945292.2945322","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Web3D Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080764655","display_name":"Nicholas F. Polys","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-970X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas F. Polys","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042031562","display_name":"Ankit Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6522-9223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ankit Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071925956","display_name":"Peter Sforza","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Sforza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080764655"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8219,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77333805,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"183","last_page":"184"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9781000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7663825750350952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/x3d","display_name":"X3D","score":0.7621027827262878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citygml","display_name":"CityGML","score":0.596131443977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5094004273414612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.46660491824150085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.432524710893631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4133134186267853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.3803873360157013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.36373454332351685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.2528608441352844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vrml","display_name":"VRML","score":0.1672775149345398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16498783230781555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1068095862865448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7663825750350952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49902421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930428","display_name":"X3D","level":4,"score":0.7621027827262878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776744651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093900","display_name":"CityGML","level":3,"score":0.596131443977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5094004273414612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.46660491824150085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.432524710893631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4133134186267853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.3803873360157013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.36373454332351685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.2528608441352844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75625381","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176061","display_name":"VRML","level":3,"score":0.1672775149345398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16498783230781555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1068095862865448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2945292.2945322","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2945292.2945322","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Web3D Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W98076215","https://openalex.org/W1583953270","https://openalex.org/W1772885692","https://openalex.org/W6634826976","https://openalex.org/W6638087882"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2039881562","https://openalex.org/W2563522820","https://openalex.org/W1973691575","https://openalex.org/W1767252664","https://openalex.org/W1971527785","https://openalex.org/W1986365277","https://openalex.org/W2113654592","https://openalex.org/W631793771","https://openalex.org/W98076215","https://openalex.org/W2803738593"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Virtual":[0],"City":[1],"Environments":[2],"(VCEs)":[3],"and":[4,20,34,45,57,80,100],"Mirror":[5],"Worlds":[6],"can":[7],"be":[8],"a":[9,59,72,88,102,110],"useful":[10],"resource":[11],"for":[12,47],"communities":[13],"such":[14],"as":[15],"the":[16,21,68,93,116,123,141],"local":[17],"government,":[18],"researchers":[19],"general":[22],"public":[23],"to":[24,51,76,91,114,132],"collaborate":[25],"on":[26,41,140],"tasks":[27],"like":[28],"town":[29],"planning,":[30],"threat":[31],"assessment,":[32],"commerce":[33],"research.":[35],"In":[36],"this":[37],"work,":[38],"we":[39,86,108,143],"focus":[40],"runtime":[42],"data":[43],"structures":[44],"performance":[46,117,129],"Level-of-Detail":[48,62],"(LOD)":[49],"management":[50],"deliver":[52],"real-time":[53],"portrayal.":[54],"We":[55,127],"implement":[56],"evaluate":[58],"novel":[60],"X3D-based":[61],"technique":[63,121],"called":[64],"ProxyPrismLOD,":[65],"which":[66],"leverages":[67],"CityGML":[69],"standard":[70],"of":[71,96,105,112,119,136],"4-step":[73],"LOD":[74,98],"hierarchy":[75],"optimally":[77],"encapsulate":[78],"irregularly":[79],"asymmetrically":[81],"shaped":[82],"building":[83],"models.":[84],"First,":[85],"ran":[87,109],"user":[89],"study":[90,115],"understand":[92],"visual":[94],"dynamics":[95],"range-based":[97,125],"switching":[99],"derived":[101],"scaling":[103],"factor":[104],"3.":[106],"Second,":[107],"series":[111],"simulations":[113],"benefits":[118,130],"ProxyPrismLOD":[120],"over":[122],"basic":[124],"LOD.":[126],"observed":[128],"up":[131],"7.46%":[133],"in":[134],"terms":[135],"overall":[137],"Frames-per-Seconds":[138],"(FPS)":[139],"models":[142],"tested.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}