{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2506181100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2933057.2933090","title":"Specification and Complexity of Collaborative Text Editing","display_name":"Specification and Complexity of Collaborative Text Editing","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-07-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2506181100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2933057.2933090","mag":"2506181100"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2933057.2933090","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2933057.2933090","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://inria.hal.science/hal-01351512","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029333678","display_name":"Hagit Attiya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8017-6457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hagit Attiya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technion, Haifa, Israel","Technion - Israel Institute of Technology [Haifa]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technion, Haifa, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technion - Israel Institute of Technology [Haifa]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045088961","display_name":"Sebastian Burckhardt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58610484","display_name":"Seattle University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqc0m91","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Burckhardt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Seattle, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I58610484"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068242118","display_name":"Alexey Gotsman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2454-4171"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162154","display_name":"IMDEA Software","ror":"https://ror.org/04xvfkh51","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I105140100","https://openalex.org/I4210162154"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexey Gotsman","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMDEA Software Institute, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMDEA Software Institute, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162154"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101431627","display_name":"Adam Morrison","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5586-2615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam Morrison","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technion, Haifa, Israel","Technion - Israel Institute of Technology [Haifa]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technion, Haifa, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technion - Israel Institute of Technology [Haifa]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101612744","display_name":"Hongseok Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1502-2942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongseok Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006700393","display_name":"Marek Zawirski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39804081","display_name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/02en5vm52","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39804081"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marek Zawirski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inria & Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LIP6, Paris, France","Large-Scale Distributed Systems and Applications"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inria & Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s, UPMC Univ Paris 06, LIP6, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39804081"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Large-Scale Distributed Systems and Applications","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029333678"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.525,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9690337,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"259","last_page":"268"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10679","display_name":"Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8621595501899719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collaborative-editing","display_name":"Collaborative editing","score":0.765518069267273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.6168677806854248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.47798722982406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-specification","display_name":"Formal specification","score":0.4317814111709595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.32612431049346924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.29128631949424744}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8621595501899719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780967703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2571389","display_name":"Collaborative editing","level":2,"score":0.765518069267273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.6168677806854248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.47798722982406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116253237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437424","display_name":"Formal specification","level":2,"score":0.4317814111709595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.32612431049346924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.29128631949424744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2933057.2933090","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2933057.2933090","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-01351512v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://inria.hal.science/hal-01351512","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.podc.org/podc2016/","raw_type":"Conference papers"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:cf5fad0e-c832-43a7-8021-4c49eaf4d218","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cf5fad0e-c832-43a7-8021-4c49eaf4d218","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symplectic Elements at Oxford","raw_type":"Conference"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-01351512v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://inria.hal.science/hal-01351512","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.podc.org/podc2016/","raw_type":"Conference papers"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2291301941","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1749/14","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322252","funder_display_name":"Israel Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3199290839","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R0190-15-2011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322347","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science ICT and Future Planning"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6966649464","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"609551 and 308830","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334960","funder_display_name":"Seventh Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322252","display_name":"Israel Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04sazxf24"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322347","display_name":"Ministry of Science ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334960","display_name":"Seventh Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489177980","https://openalex.org/W1516319412","https://openalex.org/W1585360772","https://openalex.org/W1689093460","https://openalex.org/W1794148987","https://openalex.org/W1925953220","https://openalex.org/W1973501242","https://openalex.org/W1981521402","https://openalex.org/W1989814541","https://openalex.org/W1996958808","https://openalex.org/W2015669758","https://openalex.org/W2087905164","https://openalex.org/W2088721436","https://openalex.org/W2098618284","https://openalex.org/W2112612200","https://openalex.org/W2117260615","https://openalex.org/W2118242633","https://openalex.org/W2130264930","https://openalex.org/W2133692519","https://openalex.org/W2134308710","https://openalex.org/W2143725230","https://openalex.org/W2145220267","https://openalex.org/W2151541805","https://openalex.org/W2151943351","https://openalex.org/W2153704625","https://openalex.org/W2163285148","https://openalex.org/W2170849273","https://openalex.org/W2195205682","https://openalex.org/W2341655714","https://openalex.org/W3137220996","https://openalex.org/W4236824789","https://openalex.org/W6629390547","https://openalex.org/W6635112828"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2085133769","https://openalex.org/W2127731828","https://openalex.org/W2809562148","https://openalex.org/W2767608394","https://openalex.org/W2339314279","https://openalex.org/W2443844466","https://openalex.org/W1974312944","https://openalex.org/W2592399342","https://openalex.org/W2125996595","https://openalex.org/W16279108"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Collaborative":[0],"text":[1,28,78],"editing":[2],"systems":[3,75],"allow":[4],"users":[5],"to":[6,52],"concurrently":[7],"edit":[8],"a":[9,22,60,64,82,98],"shared":[10],"document,":[11],"inserting":[12],"and":[13,43],"deleting":[14],"elements":[15],"(e.g.,":[16],"characters":[17],"or":[18],"lines).":[19],"There":[20],"are":[21],"number":[23],"of":[24,39,45,63,73],"protocols":[25,47],"for":[26,76],"collaborative":[27,77],"editing,":[29],"but":[30],"so":[31],"far":[32],"there":[33],"has":[34],"been":[35,49],"no":[36],"precise":[37,61],"specification":[38,62],"their":[40],"desired":[41],"behavior,":[42],"several":[44],"these":[46],"have":[48],"shown":[50],"not":[51],"satisfy":[53],"even":[54],"basic":[55],"expectations.":[56],"This":[57],"paper":[58],"provides":[59],"replicated":[65,74],"list":[66,84,100],"object,":[67],"which":[68,86,102],"models":[69],"the":[70],"core":[71],"functionality":[72],"editing.":[79],"We":[80],"define":[81],"strong":[83],"specification,":[85,101],"we":[87],"prove":[88],"is":[89],"implemented":[90],"by":[91],"an":[92],"existing":[93],"protocol,":[94],"as":[95,97],"well":[96],"weak":[99],"admits":[103],"additional":[104],"protocol":[105],"behaviors.":[106]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}