{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2476685811","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2930674.2930697","title":"How Different Input and Output Modalities Support Coding as a Problem-Solving Process for Children","display_name":"How Different Input and Output Modalities Support Coding as a Problem-Solving Process for Children","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-06-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2476685811","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2930674.2930697","mag":"2476685811"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2930674.2930697","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2930674.2930697","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the The 15th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060763879","display_name":"Kening Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6740-4921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kening Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026376235","display_name":"Xiaojuan Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9847-7784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojuan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong University of Science & Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong University of Science & Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026755747","display_name":"Gary K. W. Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1269-0734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086892","display_name":"Education University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/000t0f062","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086892"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary Ka Wai Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong Institute of Education"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Institute of Education","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086892"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083749828","display_name":"John Huen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131213","display_name":"Kolping University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03jjt5g98","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131213"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Man Ho Huen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Koding Kingdom (Hong Kong) Ltd"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Koding Kingdom (Hong Kong) Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060763879"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2735,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90813318,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"238","last_page":"245"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.7925183773040771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6627084016799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affordance","display_name":"Affordance","score":0.6540055274963379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.6516056060791016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-thinking","display_name":"Computational thinking","score":0.6175599098205566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nature-versus-nurture","display_name":"Nature versus nurture","score":0.5388118624687195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schema","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","score":0.5306994318962097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.46940624713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.3628993034362793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3561441898345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.33584949374198914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2875851094722748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2471698522567749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.174656480550766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14791253209114075}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.7925183773040771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6627084016799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194995250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q531136","display_name":"Affordance","level":2,"score":0.6540055274963379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.6516056060791016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780368719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157342","display_name":"Computational thinking","level":2,"score":0.6175599098205566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120452360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1773859","display_name":"Nature versus nurture","level":2,"score":0.5388118624687195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52146309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431116","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","level":2,"score":0.5306994318962097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.46940624713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3628993034362793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3561441898345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.33584949374198914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2875851094722748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2471698522567749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.174656480550766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14791253209114075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2930674.2930697","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2930674.2930697","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the The 15th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-80668","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-80668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G26792180","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"7200404","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309893","funder_display_name":"City University of Hong Kong"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309893","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W286973630","https://openalex.org/W601846731","https://openalex.org/W637581729","https://openalex.org/W1502244514","https://openalex.org/W1571683476","https://openalex.org/W1820970553","https://openalex.org/W1876793518","https://openalex.org/W1963557108","https://openalex.org/W1990614940","https://openalex.org/W1992016565","https://openalex.org/W1995250508","https://openalex.org/W1997398533","https://openalex.org/W2016317714","https://openalex.org/W2036041771","https://openalex.org/W2063555610","https://openalex.org/W2064189581","https://openalex.org/W2065742576","https://openalex.org/W2091586920","https://openalex.org/W2101753349","https://openalex.org/W2115639689","https://openalex.org/W2117194133","https://openalex.org/W2122131867","https://openalex.org/W2122581059","https://openalex.org/W2154774047","https://openalex.org/W2157904933","https://openalex.org/W2301146340","https://openalex.org/W2339183141","https://openalex.org/W2400562271","https://openalex.org/W2498294947","https://openalex.org/W2959792658","https://openalex.org/W2997810062","https://openalex.org/W3146115948","https://openalex.org/W4210671352","https://openalex.org/W6610364582"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2014921865","https://openalex.org/W1519010432","https://openalex.org/W1563622732","https://openalex.org/W2022139591","https://openalex.org/W4242639102","https://openalex.org/W2789501114","https://openalex.org/W1506604180","https://openalex.org/W1972718289","https://openalex.org/W1791514435","https://openalex.org/W1997165024"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0],"coding":[1,27,30,51,58,69],"education":[2],"to":[3,52,60],"promote":[4],"computational":[5],"thinking":[6],"and":[7,23,42,46,65,74,107,110,136],"nurture":[8],"problem-solving":[9,33,72],"skills":[10],"in":[11,26,68],"children":[12,84],"has":[13],"become":[14],"an":[15],"emerging":[16],"global":[17],"trend.":[18],"However,":[19],"how":[20,62],"different":[21,63],"input":[22,64,81],"output":[24,66,102,118],"modalities":[25],"tools":[28,135],"affect":[29],"as":[31],"a":[32],"process":[34,73],"remains":[35],"unclear.":[36],"Of":[37],"interest":[38],"are":[39],"the":[40,71],"advantages":[41],"disadvantages":[43],"of":[44],"graphical":[45,80,117],"tangible":[47,91],"interfaces":[48],"for":[49,98,123,132,139],"teaching":[50,137],"children.":[53],"We":[54,128],"conducted":[55],"four":[56],"kids":[57,140],"workshops":[59],"study":[61],"methods":[67,138],"affected":[70],"class":[75,99,114],"dynamics.":[76],"Results":[77],"revealed":[78],"that":[79],"could":[82],"keep":[83],"focused":[85],"on":[86],"problem":[87],"solving":[88],"better":[89,104],"than":[90,116],"input,":[92],"but":[93,119],"it":[94],"was":[95],"less":[96,121],"provocative":[97],"discussion.":[100],"Tangible":[101],"supported":[103],"schema":[105],"construction":[106],"casual":[108],"reasoning":[109],"promoted":[111],"more":[112],"active":[113],"engagement":[115],"offered":[120],"affordance":[122],"analogical":[124],"comparison":[125],"among":[126],"problems.":[127],"also":[129],"derived":[130],"insights":[131],"designing":[133],"new":[134],"coding.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T06:00:40.992929","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}