{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3138594193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2927299.2927301","title":"The Flame Graph","display_name":"The Flame Graph","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3138594193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2927299.2927301","mag":"3138594193"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2927299.2927301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2927299.2927301","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2927301&type=pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45584542","display_name":"Queue","issn_l":"1542-7730","issn":["1542-7730","1542-7749"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Queue","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2927301&type=pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018063009","display_name":"Brendan Gregg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I869089601","display_name":"Netflix (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0197qw696","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I869089601"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brendan Gregg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Netflix"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Netflix","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I869089601"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018063009"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I869089601"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.327,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88688652,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":"91","last_page":"110"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.79830002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.79830002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.7843999862670898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.6931999921798706,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8064030408859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.7002452611923218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.6506884098052979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.6159648895263672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-comprehension","display_name":"Program comprehension","score":0.5755593776702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-visualization","display_name":"Software visualization","score":0.5541587471961975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.5381619930267334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.5227470397949219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.4630562961101532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.45573127269744873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.31244850158691406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3087065815925598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.28044432401657104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.22208908200263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.21735647320747375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component-based-software-engineering","display_name":"Component-based software engineering","score":0.18785619735717773}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8064030408859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.7002452611923218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.6506884098052979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.6159648895263672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777561058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2652119","display_name":"Program comprehension","level":4,"score":0.5755593776702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4379982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273511","display_name":"Software visualization","level":5,"score":0.5541587471961975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.5381619930267334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5227470397949219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.4630562961101532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.45573127269744873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.31244850158691406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3087065815925598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.28044432401657104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.22208908200263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.21735647320747375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174683762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609588","display_name":"Component-based software engineering","level":4,"score":0.18785619735717773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2927299.2927301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2927299.2927301","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2927301&type=pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45584542","display_name":"Queue","issn_l":"1542-7730","issn":["1542-7730","1542-7749"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Queue","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2927299.2927301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2927299.2927301","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2927301&type=pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45584542","display_name":"Queue","issn_l":"1542-7730","issn":["1542-7730","1542-7749"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Queue","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3138594193.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3138594193.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2016062975","https://openalex.org/W2997535401"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2724855087","https://openalex.org/W2886906914","https://openalex.org/W2884362859","https://openalex.org/W1508879959","https://openalex.org/W2123179197","https://openalex.org/W2008149650","https://openalex.org/W2122804569","https://openalex.org/W1995506819","https://openalex.org/W2139694402","https://openalex.org/W3135060008"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"everyday":[1],"problem":[2],"in":[3],"our":[4],"industry":[5],"is":[6,10,17],"understanding":[7],"how":[8,19,22],"software":[9,29,37],"consuming":[11,18],"resources,":[12],"particularly":[13],"CPUs.":[14],"What":[15],"exactly":[16],"much,":[20],"and":[21,48,67,79],"did":[23],"this":[24],"change":[25],"since":[26],"the":[27,87],"last":[28],"version?":[30],"These":[31],"questions":[32],"can":[33,58,80],"be":[34,59],"answered":[35],"using":[36],"profilers,":[38],"tools":[39],"that":[40],"help":[41],"direct":[42],"developers":[43],"to":[44,50,65],"optimize":[45],"their":[46,52],"code":[47],"operators":[49],"tune":[51],"environment.":[53],"The":[54,69],"output":[55,78],"of":[56],"profilers":[57],"verbose,":[60],"however,":[61],"making":[62],"it":[63],"laborious":[64],"study":[66],"comprehend.":[68],"flame":[70],"graph":[71],"provides":[72],"a":[73],"new":[74],"visualization":[75],"for":[76,82,89],"profiler":[77],"make":[81],"much":[83],"faster":[84],"comprehension,":[85],"reducing":[86],"time":[88],"root":[90],"cause":[91],"analysis.":[92]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-03-29T00:00:00"}