{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2555680506","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2912149","title":"Fundamental Limits of Cyber-Physical Systems Modeling","display_name":"Fundamental Limits of Cyber-Physical Systems Modeling","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2555680506","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2912149","mag":"2555680506"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2912149","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2912149","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2912149&type=pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2506189754","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems","issn_l":"2378-962X","issn":["2378-962X","2378-9638"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2912149&type=pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009831760","display_name":"Edward A. Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5663-0584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Edward A. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS Department, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS Department, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009831760"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.6956,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":86,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97334886,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11195","display_name":"Simulation Techniques and Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11195","display_name":"Simulation Techniques and Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13286","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation Systems","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/determinism","display_name":"Determinism","score":0.7550805807113647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clarity","display_name":"CLARITY","score":0.7154874801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.7137575149536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simplicity","display_name":"Simplicity","score":0.7102621793746948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-system","display_name":"Physical system","score":0.5882498621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5742175579071045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4961891770362854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.46533456444740295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","score":0.4348498582839966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-system","display_name":"Complex system","score":0.4267382025718689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3669738173484802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.26143330335617065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1799962818622589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.10651549696922302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10004058480262756}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192183473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131133","display_name":"Determinism","level":2,"score":0.7550805807113647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777146004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14949826","display_name":"CLARITY","level":2,"score":0.7154874801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.7137575149536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776372474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508291","display_name":"Simplicity","level":2,"score":0.7102621793746948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116672817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1454986","display_name":"Physical system","level":2,"score":0.5882498621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5742175579071045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4961891770362854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.46533456444740295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4348498582839966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.4267382025718689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3669738173484802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.26143330335617065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1799962818622589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10651549696922302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10004058480262756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2912149","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2912149","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2912149&type=pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2506189754","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems","issn_l":"2378-962X","issn":["2378-962X","2378-9638"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2912149","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2912149","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2912149&type=pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2506189754","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems","issn_l":"2378-962X","issn":["2378-962X","2378-9638"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G298080217","display_name":"CPS: Large: ActionWebs","funder_award_id":"0931843","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4488232293","display_name":"CPS: Breakthrough: A Mathematical Theory of Cyber-Physical Systems","funder_award_id":"1446619","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G468847411","display_name":"CPS: Breakthrough: Compositional System Modeling with Interfaces (COSMOI)","funder_award_id":"1329759","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6440461290","display_name":"Collaborative Research: CSR-EHS: Pret: Precision Timed Architectures","funder_award_id":"0720882","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/047z4n946"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2555680506.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2555680506.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1535347731","https://openalex.org/W1554228597","https://openalex.org/W1555104280","https://openalex.org/W1577099389","https://openalex.org/W1841557491","https://openalex.org/W1937037155","https://openalex.org/W1947376917","https://openalex.org/W1959069981","https://openalex.org/W1978909743","https://openalex.org/W1983438352","https://openalex.org/W2000836282","https://openalex.org/W2008630245","https://openalex.org/W2027986690","https://openalex.org/W2076345644","https://openalex.org/W2101232706","https://openalex.org/W2104673546","https://openalex.org/W2117166466","https://openalex.org/W2119355229","https://openalex.org/W2123738574","https://openalex.org/W2155553330","https://openalex.org/W2163862895","https://openalex.org/W2165550854","https://openalex.org/W3043074253","https://openalex.org/W3121954822","https://openalex.org/W4388357269"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3088946374","https://openalex.org/W2067026386","https://openalex.org/W2555680506","https://openalex.org/W2901900876","https://openalex.org/W2166070922","https://openalex.org/W2027986690","https://openalex.org/W3028574920","https://openalex.org/W2012532049","https://openalex.org/W2991215692","https://openalex.org/W818681"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"examines":[2],"the":[3,8,16,26,79,98,108],"role":[4,17,27],"of":[5,10,44,50,77,90,100,110,114],"modeling":[6],"in":[7,21,30,61],"engineering":[9,22,65],"cyber-physical":[11],"systems.":[12],"It":[13],"argues":[14],"that":[15,18,33,59],"models":[19,62],"play":[20,29],"is":[23,66,83],"different":[24,42],"from":[25],"they":[28],"science,":[31],"and":[32,48,55,70,107],"this":[34],"difference":[35],"should":[36,71],"direct":[37],"us":[38],"to":[39,102],"use":[40],"a":[41,67,105],"class":[43],"models,":[45],"where":[46],"simplicity":[47],"clarity":[49],"semantics":[51],"dominate":[52],"over":[53],"accuracy":[54],"detail.":[56],"I":[57,85],"argue":[58],"determinism":[60],"used":[63],"for":[64],"valuable":[68],"property":[69],"be":[72],"preserved":[73],"whenever":[74],"possible,":[75],"regardless":[76],"whether":[78],"system":[80],"being":[81],"modeled":[82],"deterministic.":[84],"then":[86],"identify":[87],"three":[88],"classes":[89],"fundamental":[91],"limits":[92],"on":[93],"modeling,":[94],"specifically":[95],"chaotic":[96],"behavior,":[97],"inability":[99],"computers":[101],"numerically":[103],"handle":[104],"continuum,":[106],"incompleteness":[109],"determinism.":[111],"The":[112],"last":[113],"these":[115],"has":[116],"profound":[117],"consequences.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}