{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2997434606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2910575","title":"Incentives, Gamification, and Game Theory: An Economic Approach to Badge Design","display_name":"Incentives, Gamification, and Game Theory: An Economic Approach to Badge Design","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-06-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2997434606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2910575","mag":"2997434606"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2910575","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2910575","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173995","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Economics and Computation","issn_l":"2167-8375","issn":["2167-8375","2167-8383"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Economics and Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017669758","display_name":"David Easley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6405-4134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Easley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100607328","display_name":"Arpita Ghosh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6700-0409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arpita Ghosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017669758"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.2504,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97797338,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.8534758687019348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6388119459152222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.5169247984886169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.42187976837158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4040607213973999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.37130802869796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.35634079575538635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3327024281024933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.3314974904060364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.29400157928466797}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.8534758687019348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6388119459152222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5169247984886169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.42187976837158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4040607213973999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.37130802869796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.35634079575538635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3327024281024933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3314974904060364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.29400157928466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2910575","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2910575","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173995","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Economics and Computation","issn_l":"2167-8375","issn":["2167-8375","2167-8383"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Economics and Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/120913","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/120913","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1939024164","https://openalex.org/W1980700045","https://openalex.org/W1994790816","https://openalex.org/W2022454695","https://openalex.org/W2035683813","https://openalex.org/W2043634452","https://openalex.org/W2050904362","https://openalex.org/W2058495110","https://openalex.org/W2086170941","https://openalex.org/W2096563796","https://openalex.org/W2118869559","https://openalex.org/W2124810512","https://openalex.org/W2127576207","https://openalex.org/W2148527862","https://openalex.org/W2166418979","https://openalex.org/W3105231985","https://openalex.org/W4239412360"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2367468089","https://openalex.org/W2358591856","https://openalex.org/W2098133976","https://openalex.org/W2347416728","https://openalex.org/W2974100988","https://openalex.org/W2215702767","https://openalex.org/W2355932053","https://openalex.org/W2366296021","https://openalex.org/W2382571223","https://openalex.org/W1493109440"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gamification":[0],"is":[1,168,171,300,350],"growing":[2],"increasingly":[3],"prevalent":[4],"as":[5,27,74,87,203,205,241,302,308,362],"a":[6,35,39,107,121,141,145,161,166,231,243,262,303,309,322,333,343,363],"means":[7],"to":[8,33,43,106,120,148,176,184,191,196,238,347],"incentivize":[9],"user":[10,19],"engagement":[11],"of":[12,82,100,110,227,269,311,340,355,358,365,368],"social":[13],"media":[14],"sites":[15,57],"that":[16,30,113,118,249,280,298,315],"rely":[17],"on":[18,38,102,140,266],"contributions.":[20],"Badges":[21],",":[22,62],"or":[23,182,331],"equivalent":[24,320],"rewards,":[25],"such":[26,73,86],"top-contributor":[28],"lists":[29],"are":[31,69,127,220,281,318],"used":[32,157],"recognize":[34],"user's":[36],"contributions":[37,195],"site,":[40,104],"clearly":[41],"appear":[42],"be":[44],"valued":[45],"by":[46,155,352],"users":[47,93,114,139,341],"who":[48],"actively":[49],"pursue":[50],"and":[51,65,89,117,135,173,186,208,230],"compete":[52],"for":[53,66,78,94,222,278,293],"them.":[54],"However,":[55,272],"different":[56,59],"use":[58],"badge":[60,149,158,167,263,361],"designs":[61,159],"varying":[63],"how,":[64],"what,":[67],"badges":[68,77,126,219],"awarded.":[70],"Some":[71],"sites,":[72,85],"StackOverflow,":[75],"award":[76],"meeting":[79,223],"fixed":[80,304],"levels":[81],"contribution.":[83],"Other":[84],"Amazon":[88],"Y!":[90],"Answers,":[91],"reward":[92],"being":[95],"among":[96],"some":[97,224],"top":[98],"set":[99],"contributors":[101,175,313],"the":[103,131,133,152,177,197,258,267,316,338,353,356,360,366],"corresponding":[105,237],"competitive":[108,239],"standard":[109],"performance.":[111],"Given":[112],"value":[115,259,357],"badges,":[116],"contributing":[119],"site":[122,178,334],"requires":[123],"effort,":[124,209,229],"how":[125,187],"designed":[128],"will":[129],"affect":[130],"incentives\u2014therefore":[132],"participation":[134,207,292],"effort\u2014elicited":[136],"from":[137,260],"strategic":[138],"site.":[142,198],"We":[143,199,247],"take":[144],"game-theoretic":[146],"approach":[147],"design,":[150],"analyzing":[151],"incentives":[153],"created":[154],"widely":[156],"in":[160,163,210,217,242,253,287,321],"model":[162],"which":[164,218],"winning":[165,261,342,359],"valued,":[169],"effort":[170,190],"costly,":[172],"potential":[174],"endogenously":[179,265],"decide":[180],"whether":[181,330],"not":[183,319,332],"participate,":[185],"much":[188],"total":[189],"put":[192],"into":[193],"their":[194],"analyze":[200],"equilibrium":[201,206],"existence,":[202],"well":[204],"an":[211],"absolute":[212,225],"standards":[213,233,279],"mechanism":[214,234],"M":[215,235,273,288],"\u03b1":[216,274],"awarded":[221],"level":[226],"(observed)":[228],"relative":[232],"\u03c1":[236,289,299],"standards,":[240],"top-\u03c1":[244],"contributor":[245],"badge.":[246,344],"find":[248],"equilibria":[250,277,286],"always":[251],"exist":[252],"both":[254],"mechanisms,":[255],"even":[256],"when":[257],"depends":[264],"number":[268,305,339,367],"other":[270,369],"winners.":[271,370],"has":[275],"zero-participation":[276],"too":[282],"high,":[283],"whereas":[284],"all":[285,294],"elicit":[290],"nonzero":[291],"possible":[295],"\u03c1,":[296],"provided":[297],"specified":[301],"rather":[306],"than":[307],"fraction":[310],"actual":[312],"(note":[314],"two":[317],"setting":[323],"with":[324],"endogenous":[325],"participation).":[326],"Finally,":[327],"we":[328],"ask":[329],"should":[335],"explicitly":[336],"announce":[337],"The":[345],"answer":[346],"this":[348],"question":[349],"determined":[351],"curvature":[354],"function":[364]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}