{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2409612194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2909827.2930800","title":"A Survey and Taxonomy Aimed at the Detection and Measurement of Covert Channels","display_name":"A Survey and Taxonomy Aimed at the Detection and Measurement of Covert Channels","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2409612194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2909827.2930800","mag":"2409612194"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2909827.2930800","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2909827.2930800","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 4th ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010003334","display_name":"Brent Carrara","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brent Carrara","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040077517","display_name":"Carlisle Adams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7335-9968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlisle Adams","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7472,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87513824,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"115","last_page":"126"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-channel","display_name":"Covert channel","score":0.9451298713684082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.9233405590057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.676284909248352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.6114693880081177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viewpoints","display_name":"Viewpoints","score":0.5742903351783752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-hiding","display_name":"Information hiding","score":0.42607811093330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3587336242198944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3172946572303772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.25218597054481506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.08007311820983887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-information-and-event-management","display_name":"Security information and event management","score":0.072490394115448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.9451298713684082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.9233405590057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.676284909248352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.6114693880081177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7928819","display_name":"Viewpoints","level":2,"score":0.5742903351783752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.42607811093330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3587336242198944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3172946572303772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25218597054481506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.08007311820983887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.072490394115448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2909827.2930800","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2909827.2930800","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 4th ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":161,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7703701","https://openalex.org/W25952552","https://openalex.org/W45680812","https://openalex.org/W49546894","https://openalex.org/W77651440","https://openalex.org/W97737074","https://openalex.org/W129619589","https://openalex.org/W199023450","https://openalex.org/W236281116","https://openalex.org/W287184503","https://openalex.org/W583914852","https://openalex.org/W776274794","https://openalex.org/W1018939436","https://openalex.org/W1230022372","https://openalex.org/W1480070337","https://openalex.org/W1517390142","https://openalex.org/W1533145153","https://openalex.org/W1541591257","https://openalex.org/W1553177637","https://openalex.org/W1558514591","https://openalex.org/W1580685857","https://openalex.org/W1581541814","https://openalex.org/W1587013156","https://openalex.org/W1588277031","https://openalex.org/W1595564425","https://openalex.org/W1615396496","https://openalex.org/W1664717073","https://openalex.org/W1785492489","https://openalex.org/W1816130922","https://openalex.org/W1878907771","https://openalex.org/W1883842204","https://openalex.org/W1959279725","https://openalex.org/W1977764760","https://openalex.org/W1977828300","https://openalex.org/W1981844530","https://openalex.org/W1986292841","https://openalex.org/W1987323082","https://openalex.org/W1993704367","https://openalex.org/W1994086208","https://openalex.org/W1994476536","https://openalex.org/W1994628722","https://openalex.org/W1999847665","https://openalex.org/W2000226542","https://openalex.org/W2002080807","https://openalex.org/W2004876093","https://openalex.org/W2006942880","https://openalex.org/W2007395635","https://openalex.org/W2009259386","https://openalex.org/W2013305764","https://openalex.org/W2014051288","https://openalex.org/W2018174446","https://openalex.org/W2022381648","https://openalex.org/W2031097061","https://openalex.org/W2031658133","https://openalex.org/W2039836978","https://openalex.org/W2041404167","https://openalex.org/W2041845394","https://openalex.org/W2043769961","https://openalex.org/W2048956063","https://openalex.org/W2052267390","https://openalex.org/W2053409086","https://openalex.org/W2053741629","https://openalex.org/W2057415673","https://openalex.org/W2058228862","https://openalex.org/W2060646286","https://openalex.org/W2063699553","https://openalex.org/W2067021434","https://openalex.org/W2079485208","https://openalex.org/W2084796966","https://openalex.org/W2088704412","https://openalex.org/W2093655343","https://openalex.org/W2096050104","https://openalex.org/W2098313089","https://openalex.org/W2098451214","https://openalex.org/W2099008895","https://openalex.org/W2099137371","https://openalex.org/W2101132327","https://openalex.org/W2103013014","https://openalex.org/W2106070341","https://openalex.org/W2106726851","https://openalex.org/W2107249747","https://openalex.org/W2114636141","https://openalex.org/W2115904447","https://openalex.org/W2115977796","https://openalex.org/W2119076670","https://openalex.org/W2120467192","https://openalex.org/W2124890704","https://openalex.org/W2125657191","https://openalex.org/W2127264212","https://openalex.org/W2128796600","https://openalex.org/W2131588610","https://openalex.org/W2132177566","https://openalex.org/W2137148584","https://openalex.org/W2139395674","https://openalex.org/W2140151374","https://openalex.org/W2140617629","https://openalex.org/W2143869283","https://openalex.org/W2144729799","https://openalex.org/W2149889219","https://openalex.org/W2151185692","https://openalex.org/W2153156723","https://openalex.org/W2156842992","https://openalex.org/W2157852252","https://openalex.org/W2160352512","https://openalex.org/W2161819186","https://openalex.org/W2162333810","https://openalex.org/W2162420120","https://openalex.org/W2164766195","https://openalex.org/W2165148376","https://openalex.org/W2165859249","https://openalex.org/W2166180744","https://openalex.org/W2167242313","https://openalex.org/W2167577564","https://openalex.org/W2171667830","https://openalex.org/W2181849526","https://openalex.org/W2186594794","https://openalex.org/W2224879940","https://openalex.org/W2241836009","https://openalex.org/W2270761323","https://openalex.org/W2281579631","https://openalex.org/W2319262555","https://openalex.org/W2350778671","https://openalex.org/W2401975297","https://openalex.org/W2402794349","https://openalex.org/W2409612194","https://openalex.org/W2482091726","https://openalex.org/W2506852933","https://openalex.org/W2519001210","https://openalex.org/W2541749981","https://openalex.org/W2798333393","https://openalex.org/W2962789418","https://openalex.org/W2978725006","https://openalex.org/W3033571618","https://openalex.org/W3048085951","https://openalex.org/W3102020296","https://openalex.org/W3121904864","https://openalex.org/W3151165339","https://openalex.org/W4211095904","https://openalex.org/W4231917535","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4289038676","https://openalex.org/W4298245509","https://openalex.org/W4298835879","https://openalex.org/W4301353280","https://openalex.org/W6600324780","https://openalex.org/W6601962654","https://openalex.org/W6603995796","https://openalex.org/W6634930128","https://openalex.org/W6635723651","https://openalex.org/W6644155904","https://openalex.org/W6650133477","https://openalex.org/W6672371178","https://openalex.org/W6675844770","https://openalex.org/W6678770513","https://openalex.org/W6686565904","https://openalex.org/W6686800033","https://openalex.org/W6690103366","https://openalex.org/W6821265586","https://openalex.org/W6945147957","https://openalex.org/W6982509077","https://openalex.org/W7018733341"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2409612194","https://openalex.org/W4224042389","https://openalex.org/W174282171","https://openalex.org/W20460883","https://openalex.org/W1587013156","https://openalex.org/W2255040435","https://openalex.org/W4392755040","https://openalex.org/W4239080508","https://openalex.org/W2326198059","https://openalex.org/W4319780484"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"New":[0],"viewpoints":[1],"of":[2,13,27,40,52,57,94,150,162],"covert":[3,14,28,31,41,58,86,114,139,151,163,184],"channels":[4,15,42,152,164],"are":[5],"presented":[6],"in":[7,169],"this":[8],"work.":[9],"First,":[10],"the":[11,38,49,109,135,157],"origin":[12],"is":[16,33,79,117],"traced":[17],"back":[18],"to":[19,88,132,156,177,180],"acc":[20],"ess":[21],"control":[22],"and":[23,43,122],"a":[24,85,90,100,125],"new":[25,126],"class":[26],"channel,":[29],"air-gap":[30],"channels,":[32,115,140],"presented.":[34],"Second,":[35],"we":[36,61,107],"study":[37],"design":[39,83],"provide":[44],"novel":[45,175],"insights":[46],"that":[47,56,63,124,159],"differentiate":[48],"research":[50],"area":[51],"undetectable":[53],"communication":[54],"from":[55],"channels.":[59,185],"Third,":[60],"argue":[62],"secure":[64],"systems":[65,71,76],"can":[66],"be":[67,130],"characterized":[68],"as":[69],"fixed-source":[70,144],"or":[72,96],"continuous-source":[73],"systems,":[74],"i.e.,":[75],"whose":[77],"security":[78],"compromised":[80],"if":[81],"their":[82],"allows":[84],"channel":[87],"communicate":[89,97],"small,":[91],"fixed":[92],"amount":[93],"information":[95,98],"at":[99],"sufficiently":[101],"high,":[102],"continuous":[103],"rate,":[104],"respectively.":[105],"Consequently,":[106],"challenge":[108],"traditional":[110],"method":[111],"for":[112],"measuring":[113],"which":[116],"based":[118],"on":[119],"Shannon":[120],"capacity,":[121,129],"propose":[123],"measure,":[127],"steganographic":[128],"used":[131],"accurately":[133,182],"assess":[134],"risk":[136],"posed":[137],"by":[138],"particularly":[141],"those":[142],"affecting":[143],"systems.":[145],"Additionally,":[146],"our":[147],"comprehensive":[148],"review":[149],"has":[153],"led":[154],"us":[155],"conclusion":[158],"important":[160],"properties":[161],"have":[165],"not":[166],"been":[167],"captured":[168],"previous":[170],"taxonomies.":[171],"We,":[172],"therefore,":[173],"present":[174],"extensions":[176],"existing":[178],"taxonomies":[179],"more":[181],"characterize":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}