{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2388390164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2906388.2906399","title":"FOCUS","display_name":"FOCUS","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-06-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2388390164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2906388.2906399","mag":"2388390164"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2906388.2906399","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2906388.2906399","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 14th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088185508","display_name":"Frederik Hermans","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","display_name":"Uppsala University","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Frederik Hermans","raw_affiliation_strings":["Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090797663","display_name":"Liam McNamara","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160701","display_name":"Kista Photonics Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05j59av97","country_code":"SE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160701"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liam McNamara","raw_affiliation_strings":["SICS Swedish ICT, Kista, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SICS Swedish ICT, Kista, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015133361","display_name":"G\u00e1bor S\u00f6r\u00f6s","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G\u00e1bor S\u00f6r\u00f6s","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004373489","display_name":"Christian Rohner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1527-734X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","display_name":"Uppsala University","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Rohner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071943253","display_name":"Thiemo Voigt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2586-8573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","display_name":"Uppsala University","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thiemo Voigt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Uppsala University &amp; SICS Swedish ICT, Uppsala, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Uppsala University &amp; SICS Swedish ICT, Uppsala, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077317339","display_name":"Edith C.\u2010H. Ngai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3454-8731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","display_name":"Uppsala University","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edith Ngai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Uppasla University, Uppsala, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Uppasla University, Uppsala, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088185508"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0030943,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83655685,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"319","last_page":"332"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13270","display_name":"QR Code Applications and Technologies","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8124668598175049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.7860994338989258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.7041159868240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5731885433197021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encode","display_name":"ENCODE","score":0.5015511512756348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-capacity","display_name":"Channel capacity","score":0.45155441761016846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.23497480154037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08900082111358643}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8124668598175049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.7860994338989258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.7041159868240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5731885433197021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66746571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833","display_name":"ENCODE","level":3,"score":0.5015511512756348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97744766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870845","display_name":"Channel capacity","level":3,"score":0.45155441761016846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.23497480154037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08900082111358643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2906388.2906399","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2906388.2906399","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 14th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1502626760","https://openalex.org/W1579707988","https://openalex.org/W1899673144","https://openalex.org/W1975851306","https://openalex.org/W1980502833","https://openalex.org/W1987828427","https://openalex.org/W1988466727","https://openalex.org/W1988885408","https://openalex.org/W1993215931","https://openalex.org/W2006614395","https://openalex.org/W2017564549","https://openalex.org/W2021767041","https://openalex.org/W2028484589","https://openalex.org/W2031653048","https://openalex.org/W2050755131","https://openalex.org/W2050843820","https://openalex.org/W2051623619","https://openalex.org/W2060811511","https://openalex.org/W2072361864","https://openalex.org/W2074972854","https://openalex.org/W2099066201","https://openalex.org/W2110774823","https://openalex.org/W2138025876","https://openalex.org/W2142344425","https://openalex.org/W2145891119","https://openalex.org/W2146669118","https://openalex.org/W2148575324","https://openalex.org/W2160570438","https://openalex.org/W2161342511","https://openalex.org/W2164197394","https://openalex.org/W2166331510","https://openalex.org/W2169102162","https://openalex.org/W2184360182","https://openalex.org/W2293000460","https://openalex.org/W3210232381","https://openalex.org/W4206771003","https://openalex.org/W4229922087","https://openalex.org/W4231085939","https://openalex.org/W4233250638","https://openalex.org/W4244625299","https://openalex.org/W4255725416","https://openalex.org/W6677322329","https://openalex.org/W6681722003","https://openalex.org/W7024782547"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2171803295","https://openalex.org/W2365845865","https://openalex.org/W2126420649","https://openalex.org/W1983983451","https://openalex.org/W1965775381","https://openalex.org/W4313406088","https://openalex.org/W2134501555","https://openalex.org/W2055696143","https://openalex.org/W2136276611","https://openalex.org/W4386072097"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Visual":[0],"codes":[1,25],"are":[2,13],"used":[3],"to":[4,18,30,93,106,137],"embed":[5],"digital":[6],"data":[7,20,29,52,95,110],"in":[8,15],"physical":[9],"objects,":[10],"or":[11,44,47],"they":[12,48],"shown":[14],"video":[16],"sequences":[17],"transfer":[19],"over":[21,57,149],"screen/camera":[22],"links.":[23],"Existing":[24],"either":[26],"carry":[27],"limited":[28],"make":[31],"them":[32],"robust":[33],"against":[34],"a":[35,50,58,67,112,121,145],"range":[36,60],"of":[37,61,99,123],"channel":[38,62,84,116],"conditions":[39],"(e.g.,":[40],"low":[41],"camera":[42],"quality":[43,117],"long":[45],"distances),":[46],"support":[49],"high":[51],"capacity":[53,80],"but":[54],"only":[55],"work":[56],"narrow":[59],"conditions.":[63],"We":[64,119],"present":[65],"FOCUS,":[66],"new":[68],"code":[69,79,113],"design":[70],"that":[71,133,142],"does":[72],"not":[73],"require":[74],"this":[75],"explicit":[76],"trade-off":[77],"between":[78],"and":[81,126,141,155],"the":[82,138],"reader's":[83,139],"quality.":[85],"Instead,":[86],"FOCUS":[87,124,134],"builds":[88],"on":[89],"concepts":[90],"from":[91,111],"OFDM":[92],"encode":[94],"at":[96],"different":[97],"levels":[98],"spatial":[100],"detail.":[101],"This":[102],"enables":[103],"each":[104],"reader":[105],"decode":[107],"as":[108,114],"much":[109],"its":[115],"allows.":[118],"build":[120],"prototype":[122],"devices":[125],"evaluate":[127],"it":[128,143],"experimentally.":[129],"Our":[130],"results":[131],"show":[132],"gracefully":[135],"adapts":[136],"channel,":[140],"provides":[144],"significant":[146],"performance":[147],"improvement":[148],"recently":[150],"proposed":[151],"designs,":[152],"including":[153],"Strata":[154],"PixNet.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
