{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2406779531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2897683.2897685","title":"An empirical investigation of the evaluators' scoring of vendors' responses to an RFP of a large healthcare system","display_name":"An empirical investigation of the evaluators' scoring of vendors' responses to an RFP of a large healthcare system","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-05-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2406779531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2897683.2897685","mag":"2406779531"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2897683.2897685","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2897683.2897685","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the International Workshop on Software Engineering in Healthcare Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032967266","display_name":"Syed Shariyar Murtaza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3330-4783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Shariyar Murtaza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080569424","display_name":"Ay\u015fe Bener","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4934-8326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayse Bener","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022356009","display_name":"Jeremy Petch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1614-1046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297363086","display_name":"St. Michael's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04skqfp25","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297363086","https://openalex.org/I4399598460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy Petch","raw_affiliation_strings":["St. Michael Hospital, Toronto, Canada and University of Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"St. Michael Hospital, Toronto, Canada and University of Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297363086","https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065468510","display_name":"Muhammad Mamdani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5199-6344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297363086","display_name":"St. Michael's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04skqfp25","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297363086","https://openalex.org/I4399598460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Mamdani","raw_affiliation_strings":["St. Michael Hospital, Toronto, Canada and University of Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"St. Michael Hospital, Toronto, Canada and University of Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297363086","https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"33","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10050","display_name":"Multi-Criteria Decision Making","score":0.8859999775886536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10050","display_name":"Multi-Criteria Decision Making","score":0.8859999775886536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10395","display_name":"Construction Project Management and Performance","score":0.8137999773025513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10164","display_name":"Quality and Supply Management","score":0.7854999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.7141770124435425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","score":0.6454898715019226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.546501100063324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.5339692234992981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-evidence","display_name":"Empirical evidence","score":0.4846280515193939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/request-for-proposal","display_name":"Request for proposal","score":0.45333701372146606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.4511985182762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4109008014202118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4017258584499359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.36146974563598633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1883532702922821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.15298813581466675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.1507604420185089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.1281110644340515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.07501557469367981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07450580596923828}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.7141770124435425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.6454898715019226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.546501100063324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.5339692234992981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.4846280515193939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182408735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2432075","display_name":"Request for proposal","level":3,"score":0.45333701372146606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4511985182762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4109008014202118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4017258584499359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.36146974563598633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1883532702922821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.15298813581466675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.1507604420185089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1281110644340515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.07501557469367981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07450580596923828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201650216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829492","display_name":"Procurement","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2897683.2897685","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2897683.2897685","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the International Workshop on Software Engineering in Healthcare Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1481057425","https://openalex.org/W1942780496","https://openalex.org/W1992602600","https://openalex.org/W2065721659","https://openalex.org/W2092564858","https://openalex.org/W2153063304"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1603736412","https://openalex.org/W4304185162","https://openalex.org/W2061685118","https://openalex.org/W3006282800","https://openalex.org/W2462100143","https://openalex.org/W4236583520","https://openalex.org/W976271273","https://openalex.org/W4281748496","https://openalex.org/W2800302421","https://openalex.org/W1572710802"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Request":[0],"for":[1],"Proposal":[2],"(RFP)":[3],"is":[4,25,116,154,164,180],"a":[5,33,71,98,119,141,155,181],"solicitation":[6],"of":[7,36,80,85,94,97,184],"proposals":[8,55],"from":[9,19,107],"vendors":[10],"and":[11,22,43,74,144,161,178],"they":[12],"are":[13],"often":[14],"judged":[15],"by":[16,91,102],"human":[17,105,131],"experts":[18,106,132,160],"varying":[20,134],"backgrounds":[21,52,137],"experiences.":[23],"This":[24,169],"typically":[26],"done":[27],"because":[28],"large":[29,99],"technical":[30],"RFPs":[31],"require":[32],"diverse":[34],"group":[35],"evaluators":[37],"who":[38],"will":[39],"bring":[40],"their":[41,167],"skills":[42],"experience":[44],"to":[45,76,128,148],"bear.":[46],"However,":[47],"different":[48,51,57,104,109],"people":[49],"with":[50,133],"may":[53,138],"evaluate":[54,89,149],"in":[56,124,140,175],"ways.":[58],"In":[59],"this":[60,90,185],"paper,":[61],"we":[62],"examine":[63],"the":[64,83,125,150,162,176],"variability":[65],"between":[66,159],"expert":[67],"proposal":[68],"ratings":[69],"through":[70,166],"case":[72],"study,":[73],"try":[75],"determine":[77],"how":[78],"diversity":[79],"expertise":[81],"affects":[82],"consistency":[84],"scoring":[86],"results.":[87],"We":[88],"using":[92],"scores":[93,126],"an":[95],"RFP":[96,163],"industrial":[100],"system":[101],"20":[103],"six":[108],"backgrounds.":[110],"Our":[111],"results":[112],"suggest":[113],"that":[114],"there":[115,153],"not":[117,173],"always":[118],"significant":[120],"difference":[121],"among":[122],"raters":[123],"given":[127],"vendors.":[129],"Thus,":[130],"but":[135],"related":[136],"judge":[139],"similar":[142],"manner":[143],"can":[145],"be":[146],"used":[147],"RFP,":[151],"provided":[152],"high":[156],"level":[157],"agreement":[158],"created":[165],"consensus.":[168],"empirical":[170],"evidence":[171],"does":[172],"exist":[174],"literature":[177],"it":[179],"novel":[182],"contribution":[183],"paper.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}