{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2535210057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2885493","title":"Robust Protocols for Securely Expanding Randomness and Distributing Keys Using Untrusted Quantum Devices","display_name":"Robust Protocols for Securely Expanding Randomness and Distributing Keys Using Untrusted Quantum Devices","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2535210057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2885493","mag":"2535210057"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2885493","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2885493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118992489","display_name":"Journal of the ACM","issn_l":"0004-5411","issn":["0004-5411","1557-735X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063535590","display_name":"Carl A. Miller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1917-1531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Carl A. Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102846971","display_name":"Yaoyun Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5523-6166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaoyun Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063535590"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.243,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":106,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97952277,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"63"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7449958324432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.7140958309173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5915336012840271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.5393151640892029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-cryptography","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","score":0.5383935570716858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5301308035850525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.48551368713378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.40879523754119873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2574668824672699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information","display_name":"Quantum information","score":0.2526831030845642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20629781484603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10732313990592957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.08455055952072144}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7449958324432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.7140958309173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5915336012840271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.5393151640892029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.5383935570716858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5301308035850525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.48551368713378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.40879523754119873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2574668824672699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.2526831030845642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20629781484603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10732313990592957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.08455055952072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2885493","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2885493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118992489","display_name":"Journal of the ACM","issn_l":"0004-5411","issn":["0004-5411","1557-735X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W147235090","https://openalex.org/W1501308070","https://openalex.org/W1506311017","https://openalex.org/W1508777461","https://openalex.org/W1599837121","https://openalex.org/W1802141165","https://openalex.org/W1870070843","https://openalex.org/W1963524594","https://openalex.org/W1967175855","https://openalex.org/W1967872567","https://openalex.org/W1970006170","https://openalex.org/W1986293140","https://openalex.org/W1988732892","https://openalex.org/W1996584657","https://openalex.org/W2007661134","https://openalex.org/W2009263142","https://openalex.org/W2029492597","https://openalex.org/W2043508110","https://openalex.org/W2045580047","https://openalex.org/W2048118641","https://openalex.org/W2051051926","https://openalex.org/W2055611553","https://openalex.org/W2058302064","https://openalex.org/W2065999483","https://openalex.org/W2071764857","https://openalex.org/W2078222621","https://openalex.org/W2082730452","https://openalex.org/W2084499569","https://openalex.org/W2093419514","https://openalex.org/W2103596554","https://openalex.org/W2120755151","https://openalex.org/W2120903777","https://openalex.org/W2122166994","https://openalex.org/W2122270497","https://openalex.org/W2128006942","https://openalex.org/W2132840498","https://openalex.org/W2134101189","https://openalex.org/W2141224437","https://openalex.org/W2143299189","https://openalex.org/W2144277460","https://openalex.org/W2146078064","https://openalex.org/W2152240519","https://openalex.org/W2154434103","https://openalex.org/W2158541565","https://openalex.org/W2166302514","https://openalex.org/W2168792807","https://openalex.org/W2169455260","https://openalex.org/W2170184539","https://openalex.org/W2188989666","https://openalex.org/W2214897992","https://openalex.org/W2247480663","https://openalex.org/W2407063206","https://openalex.org/W2502632701","https://openalex.org/W2943245616","https://openalex.org/W2962912624","https://openalex.org/W2964061519","https://openalex.org/W2987687226","https://openalex.org/W2995235436","https://openalex.org/W3098081881","https://openalex.org/W3098184212","https://openalex.org/W3098857864","https://openalex.org/W3099896948","https://openalex.org/W3100638609","https://openalex.org/W3103744872","https://openalex.org/W3162308381","https://openalex.org/W4301258660","https://openalex.org/W4389615669"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3173339789","https://openalex.org/W4385627932","https://openalex.org/W4288754535","https://openalex.org/W2289378658","https://openalex.org/W1531360494","https://openalex.org/W2093529019","https://openalex.org/W2548040793","https://openalex.org/W87530933","https://openalex.org/W3008265109","https://openalex.org/W2282990539"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Randomness":[0],"is":[1,47],"a":[2,32,65,88,100,158,175,183],"vital":[3],"resource":[4],"for":[5,10,94,122,129,185],"modern-day":[6],"information":[7],"processing,":[8],"especially":[9],"cryptography.":[11],"A":[12],"wide":[13],"range":[14],"of":[15,62,68,92,151,154,171],"applications":[16],"critically":[17],"rely":[18],"on":[19,179],"abundant,":[20],"high-quality":[21],"random":[22,33],"numbers":[23],"generated":[24],"securely.":[25],"Here,":[26],"we":[27],"show":[28],"how":[29],"to":[30,111],"expand":[31],"seed":[34],"at":[35],"an":[36,83],"exponential":[37,133],"rate":[38],"without":[39],"trusting":[40],"the":[41,50,56,95,130,148,152,155,165,169,172],"underlying":[42],"quantum":[43,76,180],"devices.":[44,119,191],"Our":[45],"approach":[46],"secure":[48],"against":[49],"most":[51],"general":[52],"adversaries,":[53],"and":[54,86,139,182],"has":[55],"following":[57],"new":[58,176],"features:":[59],"cryptographic":[60,124,137],"level":[61,67],"security,":[63],"tolerating":[64],"constant":[66],"imprecision":[69],"in":[70,82],"devices,":[71],"requiring":[72],"only":[73],"unit":[74],"size":[75],"memory":[77],"(for":[78,157],"each":[79],"device":[80],"component)":[81],"honest":[84],"implementation,":[85],"allowing":[87],"large":[89],"natural":[90],"class":[91],"constructions":[93],"protocol.":[96],"In":[97],"conjunction":[98],"with":[99,136,189],"recent":[101],"work":[102],"by":[103,145],"Chung":[104],"et":[105],"al.":[106],"[2014],":[107],"it":[108],"also":[109],"leads":[110],"robust":[112],"unbounded":[113],"expansion":[114,134],"using":[115],"just":[116],"2":[117],"multipart":[118],"When":[120],"adapted":[121],"distributing":[123],"keys,":[125],"our":[126],"method":[127,184],"achieves,":[128],"first":[131],"time,":[132],"combined":[135],"security":[138],"noise":[140],"tolerance.":[141],"The":[142],"proof":[143,173],"proceeds":[144],"showing":[146],"that":[147],"R\u00e9nyi":[149],"divergence":[150],"outputs":[153],"protocol":[156,166],"specific":[159],"bounding":[160],"operator)":[161],"decreases":[162],"linearly":[163],"as":[164],"iterates.":[167],"At":[168],"heart":[170],"are":[174],"uncertainty":[177],"principle":[178],"measurements":[181,188],"simulating":[186],"trusted":[187],"untrusted":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}